Occurrence of Norovirus Infections in Asymptomatic Food Handlers in South Korea

Jeong, Ah-Yong; Jeong, Hae Sook; Lee, J. S.; Park, Y. C.; Lee, S. H.; Hwang, Inchan; Kim, Y. J.; Jo, Mi-Young; Jung, Sun‐Young; Kim, Keewan; Cheon, Doo Sung

doi:10.1128/jcm.01856-12

Cited by 36 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…NoV surveillance faces several difficulties mainly associated with asymptomatic and prodromal shedding of the virus and chronic spread by some individuals, making it difficult to estimate correct prevalence based only on outbreak studies. Considering the total number of faecal samples collected and the lack of outbreaks, the NoV detection rate in this study (1.9%, 12 of 636) is similar to previous estimations of prevalence in asymptomatic individuals …”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…Previous studies have identified that more than 90% of epidemic Considering the total number of faecal samples collected and the lack of outbreaks, the NoV detection rate in this study (1.9%, 12 of 636) is similar to previous estimations of prevalence in asymptomatic individuals. 45 In this study, all the successfully genotyped NoV strains (GI.3 and GII.6) were identified in diarrhoeal patients. Circulation of GI.3 was notified in Portugal since 2013, from an AGE outbreak in Portuguese military.…”

Section: Epidemiology Of Age Has Been Poorly Investigated In Portugalmentioning

confidence: 96%

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Molecular epidemiology and host genetics of norovirus and rotavirus infections in Portuguese elderly living in aged care homes

Piedade

Nordgren

Esteves

et al. 2019

Journal of Medical Virology

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Norovirus (NoV) and rotavirus group A (RVA) are major agents of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. This study aimed to investigate their epidemiological profile in Portuguese elderly living in long‐term care facilities and to assess the host genetic factors mediating infection susceptibility. From November 2013 to June 2015, 636 faecal specimens from 169 elderly, mainly asymptomatic, living in nursing homes in Greater Lisbon and Faro district, Portugal, were collected. NoV and RVA were detected by real‐time polymerase chain reaction and NoV genotyped by phylogenetic analysis. NoV detection rate was 7.1% (12 of 169). Three GI.3 and one GII.6 strains were genotyped. RVA detection rate was 3.6% (6 of 169), exclusively in asymptomatic individuals. Host genetic factors associated with infection susceptibility were described on 250 samples by saliva‐based enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays. The Lewis‐negative phenotype was 8.8% (22 of 250) and the rate of nonsecretors was 16.8% (42 of 250). Association to NoV and RVA infection was performed in the subgroup of individuals (n = 147) who delivered both faecal and saliva samples. The majority of NoV‐ and RVA‐positive individuals (90.9% and 83.3%, respectively) were secretor‐positive, with Lewis B phenotype. In a subset of individuals, FUT2 and FUT3 genes were genotyped to assess mutations and validate the secretor and Lewis phenotypes. All sequenced nonsecretors were homozygous for FUT2 nonsense mutation G428A. In this study, low detection rates of NoV and RVA infections were found during two winter seasons. However, even in the absence of any outbreak, the importance of finding these infections in a nonepidemic situation in long‐term care facilities may have important implications for infection control.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Epidemiology Of Age Has Been Poorly Investigated In Portugalmentioning

confidence: 96%

Molecular epidemiology and host genetics of norovirus and rotavirus infections in Portuguese elderly living in aged care homes

Piedade

Nordgren

Esteves

et al. 2019

Journal of Medical Virology

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“…Although NV GII.4 strains are widespread, they do not always cause AGE, which may account for the increased number of infections through asymptomatic transmission routes [26]. Furthermore, the population usually includes asymptomatic carriers of NV related to the occurrence of NV outbreaks [27]. Therefore, commonly occurring NV infections may result from multiple routes of transmission, especially for asymptomatic patients with NV pathways.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiological and molecular analysis of human norovirus infections in Taiwan during 2011 and 2012

Tang

Chen

et al. 2013

BMC Infect Dis

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BackgroundThe human norovirus (NV) circulates worldwide and is a major cause of epidemics, which have increased in Taiwan since 2002. NV in acute gastroenteritis (AGE) and non-acute gastroenteritis (asymptomatic) patients, including children and adults, have not been previously examined in Taiwan; therefore, we examined the epidemiology and phylogeny of NV in AGE and asymptomatic patients of all ages.Methods253 stool samples were collected from August 2011 to July 2012 (including 155 AGE and 98 asymptomatic samples in Taiwan) and analyzed using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for NV. Primers targeting the RNA-polymerase gene were used for RT-PCR to allow DNA sequencing of Taiwan NV strains and phylogenetic analyses.ResultsNV was detected in 24 (9.5%) of 253 stool specimens using RT-PCR. NV was isolated from all age groups (1 to 86 y) and those NV-positive samples were major identified from inpatients (79.2%, 19/24). Statistical analysis showed that the NV infectious rate of AGE patients was statistically significant (P < 0.05) for age, season and water type, respectively. Phylogenetic analyses of the RdRp region sequence showed that 24 NV isolates belonged to Genogroup II Genotype 4 (GII.4). They were closely related to the epidemic strain in Taiwan in 2006, the GII.4-2006b pandemic strain in 2006, and the GII.4-New Orleans strain in 2010.ConclusionThis study is the first to examine NV in sporadic AGE and asymptomatic patients in Taiwan. Furthermore, epidemic strains of isolated GII.4 were predominant in Taiwan during 2011 and 2012.

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“…A first factor is the low presumed 50% infectious dose (ID 50 ) of 18 segregated infectious NoV particles (Teunis et al, 2008). Other factors include the shedding of high amounts of virus particles (up to 10 10 virus particles per gram feces) (Jeong et al, 2013;Lai et al, 2012;La Rosa et al, 2009;Atmar et al, 2008;Ozawa et al, 2007;Lee et al, 2007;Chan et al, 2006), a high environmental stability Wang et al, 2013;Baert et al, 2009a) and the frequent occurrence of asymptomatic infections (Jeong et al, 2013;Nicolay et al, 2011;Phillips et al, 2010). Regarding HuNoV post-harvest contamination of foods, a recent study found that in 42.5% of described HuNoV food borne outbreaks between 2000 and 2008 an infected food handler was responsible (Baert et al, 2009b).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A quantitative exposure model simulating human norovirus transmission during preparation of deli sandwiches

Stals

Jacxsens

Baert

et al. 2015

International Journal of Food Microbiology

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Occurrence of Norovirus Infections in Asymptomatic Food Handlers in South Korea

Cited by 36 publications

References 18 publications

Molecular epidemiology and host genetics of norovirus and rotavirus infections in Portuguese elderly living in aged care homes

Molecular epidemiology and host genetics of norovirus and rotavirus infections in Portuguese elderly living in aged care homes

Epidemiological and molecular analysis of human norovirus infections in Taiwan during 2011 and 2012

A quantitative exposure model simulating human norovirus transmission during preparation of deli sandwiches

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