Occurrence of Nosema oryzaephili in Cryptolestes ferrugineus and transfer to the genus Paranosema

Lord, Jeffrey C.; Vossbrinck, Charles R.; Wilson, J. D.

doi:10.1016/j.jip.2010.05.005

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Today, many descriptions of microsporidian genera and species include an ssrDNA sequence, making it much easier for the author to determine the new species' taxonomic position (Fries et al 1996, Andreadis & Vossbrinck 2002, Sokolova et al 2003, 2007, Franzen et al 2006, Lord et al 2010, to name a few). The molecular data provide an excellent means for the identification of a species and for developing phylogenies.…”

Section: Molecular Phylogenetic Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phylogeny of the Microsporidia

2014

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The microsporidia possess several apomorphic (defining) characters that distinguish them as a taxon: (i) the presence, in the spore stage, of a coiled polar filament, (ii) the posterior vacuole, (iii) the anterior polaroplast, and (iv) the diplokaryon (not present in all species). The advent of molecular analysis has radically changed how we classify the microsporidia, resulting in a major revolution in microsporidian taxonomy which includes the reassignment of many genera as well as the erection of new genera.Most modern microsporidian species descriptions include detailed microscopic and ultrastructural images, and many of the more recent descriptions also include a small subunit ribosomal DNA (ssrDNA) sequence analysis. Characters that have traditionally been used for taxonomic purposes include phenotypic, developmental, and ecological characters. While these characters provide a convenient and important means for classifying newly discovered species, the phylogenetic significance of taxonomic groupings based on these characters is not clear.With the advent of modern methods of systematics and, in particular, cladistic analysis (Hennig 1966), attempts were made to develop microsporidian phylogenies, but the significance of the characters commonly used for microsporidian classification remained elusive. The fortunate concurrent development of digital computers and DNA sequencing technology allowed for the analysis of microsporidian relationships using hundreds of characters each with four distinct character states. The use of molecular data for phylogenetic analyses has resulted in new insight into the relationships within and among most taxa, including the microsporidia.We have always thought that the logical way to integrate DNA sequence data and other characters used for microsporidian classification is to create molecular phylogenies of the microsporidia and then to place the nonmolecular data upon the tree (Baker et al. 1994) (Fig. 6.1). A complete analysis will be a monumental effort, but viewing a phylogeny with the nonmolecular characters added would help understand the evolution of the microsporidia, including the loss and gain of alternate hosts, host switching, loss and gain of sexual recombination, use of the pansporoblastic membrane, changes in the numbers of coils in the polar filament versus tissues infected, strategies of generalist versus specialist parasites, and changes in genome size and composition.When we add nonmolecular characters to a molecular phylogeny of the microsporidia, we see a lot of homoplasy (convergence, parallelism, and reversal). It is likely that the limited sizes of microsporidian genomes (Katinka et al. 2001) and the obligate parasitic nature of these organisms contribute to these homoplasies, as character states may be changing 204 Chapter 6 Phylogeny of the Microsporidia back and forth rather rapidly as the microsporidia recycle a limited number of character states in response to changes in host and host ecology. STRUCTURAL, ULTRASTRUCTURAL, AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERS(s...

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Section: Molecular Phylogenetic Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phylogeny of the Microsporidia

2014

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“…In 1988, Isabelle I. Tavares identified an undescribed fungal parasite species in the genus Dimeromyces (Ascomycetes: Laboulbeniales) on the last visible abdominal segment near the ovipositor base of C. ferrugineus [202]. Lord et al [203] reported that Nosema oryzaephili microsporidia at 10 6 spores/g of diet resulted in about 99% infection of C. ferrugineus larvae after three weeks of exposure.…”

Section: Nature Enemiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biology, Ecology, and Behavior of Rusty Grain Beetle (Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens))

Bharathi

Jian

Jayas

2023

Insects

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Cryptolestes ferrugineus, the rusty grain beetle, is a cosmopolitan pest that has adapted to cool and warm climates due to its unique biology, ecology, and behavior. The rusty grain beetle is a pest of high economic importance; hence, understanding their biology, ecology, and behavior could be useful in designing effective management strategies. An extensive literature survey was conducted using the databases Web of Science and Scopus. Information on country-wise publications from 1949 to 2023 on C. ferrugineus was provided, and a table illustrating the distribution of C. ferrugineus was also presented to demonstrate the global significance of C. ferrugineus. We overviewed their life stages, morphology, and factors influencing their biology, ecology, and behavior, such as refuge-seeking behavior, flight activity, mating behavior, interspecific interaction with other species, movement, and distribution. Mathematical models focusing on C. ferrugineus population dynamics and movement were also presented. In order to advance our knowledge on C. ferrugineus, the following possible avenues for future research were outlined: application of molecular markers and population genetic approaches to understand their evolutionary history; mechanisms responsible for adaptation and resistance to insecticide; interspecific interaction in storage facilities and wider landscapes; and identification of microbial roles in the ecology, behavior, and control of C. ferrugineus.

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“…y Cryptolestes ferrugineus Stephens (Lord 2003;Lord et al, 2010). Los hongos entomopatógenos producen enfermedades en escarabajos y polillas al adherirse a su cutícula para poder proliferar dentro del huésped, y la muerte por inanición.…”

Section: Control Biológicounclassified

Manejo integrado de plagas en legumbres almacenadas mediante el uso de atmósferas modificadas y de control biológico

Garcia¹

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Spain is one of the main producing countries of chickpeas and beans in Europe and is also the main importer. Nowadays, pest control is mainly based on the application of phosphine. However, the risks on human health and on the environment of phosphine, demands to implement alternatives for pest control. The present thesis was carried out to improve the application of modified atmospheres (MA) and biological control (BC) as alternatives for the control of Callosobruchus chinensis, Rhyzopertha dominica, Acanthoscelides obtectus and Zabrotes subfasciatus in stored chickpeas and beans. MA are used in gas-tight packages, and sorption by the commodity produces a vacuum effect in the package. The first two chapters of this thesis are devoted to evaluate CO2 sorption by chickpeas packed with MA, and the effect of CO2 on the mortality of R. dominica in packaged infested chickpeas with three MA at different exposure times. Trials to determine the CO2 sorption by chickpeas were conducted in rigid plastic containers with three filling ratios. While, two extreme cases of filling ratios were compared to evaluate sorption effect on the mortality of R. dominica. The maximum sorption was obtained with the lower filling ratio and sorption decreased with the decline in the CO2 concentration. The time to reach the equilibrium sorption depended on the CO2 concentration and the filling ratio. The vacuum effect produced by sorption resulted in a negative pressure that increased with the increase in the filling ratio and the CO2 concentration. The exposure time to reach 50% mortality of R. dominica (LT50) was estimated at a low filling ratio. The mortality of eggs and adult of R. dominica decrease at high filling ratio, while for the larvae and pupae the susceptibility remained at the exposure time estimated of LT50. To implement BC in legumes, the third and fourth chapter of this thesis was focused on the evaluation of various species of predatory mites and parasitoid wasps on the control of C. chinensis in chickpeas and of A. obtectus and Z. subfasciatus in beans. In chickpeas the results obtained indicate that while Amblyseius swirskii preyed on the weevil eggs Blattisocius tarsalis did not. However, Anisopteromalus calandrae and Lariophagus distinguendus were very effective against C. chinensis larval population, and were able to parasitize the host at depths until 150 cm. A. calandrae was effective at reducing the bruchid population at different parasitoid-to-host ratios tested. Moreover, A. calandrae efficiently reduced C. chinensis populations when released in 25-kg commercial bags of chickpeas in simulated warehouse conditions. In beans, B. tarsalis and A. swirskii were able to prey on A. obtectus eggs, reducing the bruchid population. Anisopteromalus calandrae and L. distinguendus were effective at suppressing bruchid populations, but when A. calandrae was combined with B. tarsalis the control efficacy was substantially improved. España es uno de los principales países productores de garbanzos y de judías en Europa, y también es el principal importador. El control de las plagas de las legumbres almacenadas se hace principalmente fumigando con fosfina, pero se están buscando alternativas debido a los riesgos que tiene sobre la salud y el medio ambiente. En la presente tesis se ha profundizado en la implementación de las atmósferas modificadas (AM) y del control biológico (CB) como alternativas para el control de Callosobruchus chinensis, Rhyzopertha dominica, Acanthoscelides obtectus y Zabrotes subfasciatus, plagas de garbanzos y judías. Las AM se aplican en envases impermeables a los gases. La sorción del gas por el producto afecta a la cantidad de gas dentro de los envases, produciendo el vacío. Los dos primeros capítulos, están dedicados a evaluar la sorción de CO2 por los garbanzos envasados con AM, y a evaluar su efecto sobre la mortalidad de R. dominica. Los ensayos se realizaron en envases de plástico rígido a tres proporciones de llenado con garbanzo, con tres AM y durante diferentes tiempos de exposición. Para evaluar el efecto de la sorción sobre la mortalidad de R. dominica se compararon dos proporciones de llenado extremas. La máxima sorción se obtuvo con la proporción de llenado baja del envase y esta se redujo al disminuir la concentración de CO2. El tiempo de equilibrio de la sorción disminuyó al aumentar la concentración de CO2 y la proporción de llenado del envase. Además, produjo una presión negativa (vacío) que aumentó con el incremento del llenado y de la concentración de CO2. El tiempo de exposición a las AM para alcanzar el 50% de mortalidad (TL50) de R. dominica fue estimado para la proporción baja de llenado. Al aumentar el llenado del envase y aplicando el periodo exposición estimado de TL50, la mortalidad de los huevos y los adultos de R. dominica disminuyó, mientras la de larvas y pupas no cambió. Para la implementación del CB en legumbres, en el tercer y cuarto capítulo se evaluaron diversas especies de ácaros depredadores y de avispas parasitoides para el control de C. chinensis en garbanzo y de A. obtectus y Z. subfasciatus en judías. En garbanzo, Amblyseius swirskii consumió huevos de C. chinensis, pero Blattisocius tarsalis no fue capaz de depredarlos. Sin embargo, Anisopteromalus calandrae y Lariophagus distinguendus fueron muy efectivos sobre las larvas de C. chinensis, parasitando al huésped a profundidades de hasta 150 cm, a distintas proporciones parasitoide-huésped (A. calandrae) así como cuando se liberaron (A. calandrae) dentro de bolsas de 25 kg de garbanzos en condiciones simuladas de almacén. En judías, B. tarsalis y A. swirskii fueron capaces de depredar huevos de A. obtectus en las condiciones ensayadas. Aunque A. calandrae y L. distinguendus fueron efectivos en limitar el crecimiento de las poblaciones del brúquido, cuando A. calandrae se combinó con B. tarsalis, se mejoró de forma sustancial el control. Los resultados de esta tesis indican que al envasar garbanzos con AM a altas proporciones de llenado se esperaría una disminución en la mortalidad de los huevos y adultos de R. dominica con respecto a la LT50 calculada en envases con bajas proporciones de llenado, debido a la sorción de CO2 por la leguminosa. Por otro lado, A. calandrae y L. distinguendus son agentes de CB efectivos para el manejo integrado de C. chinensis en garbanzos almacenados. Además, la combinación de A. calandrae con B. tarsalis promete ser una estrategia para controlar poblaciones de A. obtectus. Sin embargo, se necesitan más pruebas para identificar a otros enemigos naturales que puedan reducir poblaciones de Z. subfasciatus.

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Occurrence of Nosema oryzaephili in Cryptolestes ferrugineus and transfer to the genus Paranosema

Cited by 6 publications

References 10 publications

Phylogeny of the Microsporidia

Phylogeny of the Microsporidia

Biology, Ecology, and Behavior of Rusty Grain Beetle (Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens))

Manejo integrado de plagas en legumbres almacenadas mediante el uso de atmósferas modificadas y de control biológico

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