Occurrence of Penicillium brocae and Penicillium citreonigrum, which Produce a Mutagenic Metabolite and a Mycotoxin Citreoviridin, Respectively, in Selected Commercially Available Rice Grains in Thailand

Shiratori, Nozomi; Kobayashi, Naoki; Tulayakul, Phitsanu; Sugiura, Yoshitsugu; Takino, Masahiko; Endō, Osamu; Sugita-Konishi, Yoshiko

doi:10.3390/toxins9060194

Cited by 18 publications

(11 citation statements)

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“…A variety of secondary metabolites produced by small-spored Alternaria species have chronic or acute toxic effects of mutagenic, carcinogenicity, and teratogenicity in humans and animals (69). Fungi in the genus Penicillium, such as Penicillium expansum, Penicillinum citrinum, and Penicillium islandicum, could produce some harmful mycotoxins and carcinogenic compounds, such as verrucosidin, ochratoxin A, citrinine, patulin, citreoviridin, penicillic acid, and other toxic secondary metabolites, and then cause humans and animals various diseases (70)(71)(72). Cystofilobasidiaceae family was overrepresented in Crohn's disease (73).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gut Microbial Alterations in Diarrheal Baer's Pochards (Aythya baeri)

Qin

Song

et al. 2021

Front. Vet. Sci.

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The structure and composition of gut microbiota correlate with the occurrence and development of host health and disease. Diarrhea can cause alterations in gut microbiota in animals, and the changes in the gut microbial structure and composition may affect the development of diarrhea. However, there is a scarcity of information on the effects of diarrhea on gut fungal composition and structure, particularly in Baer's pochard (Aythya baeri). The current study was performed for high-throughput sequencing of the fungal-specific internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS-1) to detect the differences of gut mycobiota in healthy and diarrheal Baer's pochard. Results showed that the gut mycobiota not only decreased significantly in diversity but also in structure and composition. Statistical analysis between two groups revealed a significant decrease in the abundance of phylum Rozellomycota, Zoopagomycota, Mortierellomycota, and Kickxellomycota in diarrheal Baer's pochard. At the genus levels, fungal relative abundance changed significantly in 95 genera, with 56 fungal genera, such as Wickerhamomyces, Alternaria, Penicillium, Cystofilobasidium, and Filobasidium, increasing significantly in the gut of the diarrheal Baer's pochard. In conclusion, the current study revealed the discrepancy in the gut fungal diversity and community composition between the healthy and diarrheal Baer's pochard, laying the basis for elucidating the relationship between diarrhea and the gut mycobiota in Baer's pochard.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gut Microbial Alterations in Diarrheal Baer's Pochards (Aythya baeri)

Qin

Song

et al. 2021

Front. Vet. Sci.

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“…CTVD (Figure 1) (purity: 88.8%) was extracted from P. citreonigrum isolated by Shiratori et al [6] with reference to the method of da Rocha et al [49]. Regarding the approximately 12% impurities, most were hydroxides of CTVD.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Citreoviridin (CTVD) (Figure 1) is a mycotoxin produced as a secondary metabolite of Penicillium citreonigrum , Aspergillus terreus , and Eupenicillium ochrosalmoneum [1]. CTVD has previously been detected in food including rice in various areas [2,3,4,5,6]. Contamination with CTVD, well-known as yellow rice toxin, often occurs due to inappropriate management after harvest [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The In Vivo and In Vitro Toxicokinetics of Citreoviridin Extracted from Penicillium citreonigrum

Uchiyama

Takino

Noguchi

et al. 2019

Toxins

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Citreoviridin (CTVD), a mycotoxin called yellow rice toxin, is reported to be related to acute cardiac beriberi; however, its toxicokinetics remain unclear. The present study elucidated the toxicokinetics through in vivo experiments in swine and predicted the human toxicokinetics by comparing the findings to those from in vitro experiments. In vivo experiments revealed the high bioavailability of CTVD (116.4%) in swine. An intestinal permeability study using Caco-2 cells to estimate the toxicokinetics in humans showed that CTVD has a high permeability coefficient. When CTVD was incubated with hepatic S9 fraction from swine and humans, hydroxylation and methylation, desaturation, and dihydroxylation derivatives were produced as the predominant metabolites. The levels of these products produced using human S9 were higher than those obtained swine S9, while CTVD glucuronide was produced slowly in human S9 in comparison to swine S9. Furthermore, the elimination of CTVD by human S9 was significantly more rapid in comparison to that by swine S9. These results suggest that CTVD is easily absorbed in swine and that it remains in the body where it is slowly metabolized. In contrast, the absorption of CTVD in humans would be the same as that in swine, although its elimination would be faster.

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“…CIT (purity: 82.4%) (Fig. 1) was extracted from P. citreonigrum isolated by Shiratori et al in our laboratory [12] with reference to the method of da Rocha et al [13]. Caco-2 cell lines were provided by the Division of Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry, and Narcotics of the National Institute of Health Sciences (Kanagawa, Japan).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxicokinetics of citreoviridinin vivoandin vitro

Uchiyama

Takino

Noguchi

et al. 2019

Preprint

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27Citreoviridin (CIT) produced by Penicillium citreonigrum as a secondary metabolite is a 28 yellow rice toxin that has been reported to be related to acute cardiac beriberi; however, its 29 toxicokinetics remain unclear. The present study elucidated the toxicokinetics through swine 30 in vivo experiments and predicted the human toxicokinetics by a comparison with findings 31 from in vitro experiments. Swine in vivo experiments revealed that CIT had a high 32 bioavailability of more than 90%. In addition, it showed a large volume of distribution (1.005 33 ± 0.195 L/kg) and long elimination half-life (17.7 ± 3.3 h) in intravenous. These results 34suggested the possibility of a slow metabolism of CIT. An intestinal permeability study using 35 the human cell line Caco-2 showed that CIT had a high permeability coefficient, suggesting it 36 would be easily absorbed in human intestine, similar to its absorption in swine. The 37 metabolite profiles were investigated by incubating CIT with S9 obtained from swine and 38 humans. Hydroxylation, methylation, desaturation and dihydroxylation derivatives were 39 detected as the predominant metabolites, and CIT glucuronide was produced slowly 40 compared with above metabolites. A comparison of the peak area ratios obtained using 41 quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer showed that the rates of all of the main 42 metabolites except for glucuronide produced using human S9 were three-fold higher than 3 43 those obtained using swine S9. Furthermore, the elimination of CIT using human S9 was 44 more rapid than when using swine S9, indicating that CIT would be metabolized faster in 45 humans than in swine. These in vivo results suggested that CIT is easily absorbed in swine 46 and persists in the body for a long duration. Furthermore, the CIT metabolism appeared to be 47 faster in human liver than in swine liver in vitro, although the bioavailability of CIT was 48 predicted to be similarly high in humans as in swine. 49 4 50 Introduction 51 Citreoviridin (CIT) is a mycotoxin produced by Penicillium citreonigrum, Aspergillus terreus 52 and Eupenicillium ochrosalmoneum as a secondary metabolite [1]. Because CIT is mainly 53 found as a contaminant in rice, it is a serious problem in countries where people consume rice 54 as a staple food. 55 In 2006, an outbreak of beriberi occurred in Brazil, with a reported 40 of 1207 cases 56 dying [2]. Since P. citreonigrum and CIT were detected in rice samples, it was suspected that 57 rice was the causative food of beriberi in the area [3]. CIT contaminating yellow rice has 58 been reported to be related to acute cardiac beriberi (so-called "Shoshin-kakke") [4]. 59 Uraguchi et al. discovered that an ethanol extract from rice infected with P. citreo-viride 60 Biourge (current P. citreonigrum) caused symptoms in mice similar to acute cardiac beriberi 61 in humans. In addition, Ueno et al. reported that the isolate from P. citreo-viride BIourge 62 which was isolated by Sakabe et al. was chemically identical with CIT [4][5]. Although 63 "Shoshin...

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Occurrence of Penicillium brocae and Penicillium citreonigrum, which Produce a Mutagenic Metabolite and a Mycotoxin Citreoviridin, Respectively, in Selected Commercially Available Rice Grains in Thailand

Cited by 18 publications

References 24 publications

Gut Microbial Alterations in Diarrheal Baer's Pochards (Aythya baeri)

Gut Microbial Alterations in Diarrheal Baer's Pochards (Aythya baeri)

The In Vivo and In Vitro Toxicokinetics of Citreoviridin Extracted from Penicillium citreonigrum

Toxicokinetics of citreoviridinin vivoandin vitro

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