Occurrence of pesticide residues in candies containing bee products

Introduction. The purpose of the research was to determine the characteristics of the infrared spectra of reflection and absorption of beeswax, as well as wax with the content of impurities in it, in particular paraffin and ceresin. Materials and methods. Natural beeswax, paraffin, ceresin, as well as their mixtures were investigated by infrared spectroscopy of reflection and absorption using Infrapid-61, Luminar 5030 and SPECORD M-80 spectrometers. Results and discussion. Infrared reflection spectra from smooth surfaces of samples (paraffin, ceresin, wax, a mixture of beeswax and ceresin, a mixture of wax paraffin and ceresin, a mixture of wax and paraffin) have a similar structure. There are two clearly expressed maxima at wavelengths of 1510 and 1581 nm. The ratio R w (1581)/R w (1510) varies from 1.115 to 1.265. The smallest value corresponds to natural beeswax, and the maximum value is ceresin. After shredding the sample, the infrared spectral diffuse reflections did not undergo significant changes, the most intense spectral maxima did not change its position, but the redistribution of spectral lines by intensity was happened out. There were pronounced differences in the region from 1723 to 2400 nm. The coefficient  for the reflection spectra from the smooth surface was ~ 1.2, and for the reflection spectra from the crushed samples ~ 1.1. The reflection spectra in the region from 1100 to 1350 nm have a clear maximum at a wavelength of 1212.5 nm. IR reflection spectra allowed us to clarify the difference between the natural beeswax and ceresin through the ratio of reflection features at 1510 and 1581 nm: the maximal ratio corresponded to the former, while the smallest one to the latter. The different proportion of bands corresponding to CH 2 and CH 3 stretching vibrations suggested that hydrocarbon chains of wax molecules are longer than those of paraffin and ceresin studied. It was found that hydrocarbon contaminants in the bee wax are associated with narrowing of the C=O band at ~1736 cm-1. Conclusions. The detected spectral laws will enable the identification of natural beeswax and detect its counterfeit.

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“…The use of high-quality natural beeswax is a necessary condition for obtaining organic (natural) bee products [17][18][19][20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of beeswax and its falsification by the method of infrared spectroscopy

Vyshniak¹,

Dimitriev²,

Litvynchuk³

et al. 2018

Ukr. food j.

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“…Pesticides in Chilean raw propolis detected triadimefon on concentrations in mg/kg −1 until to 0.95 and Dicofol 0.54 and in Spanish propolis triadimefon 2.65, dicofol 1.2, dichlofluanid 0.38, procymidone 0.36, Folpet 3.74, and metazachlor 1.3 mg kg −1 [161]. In processed propolis (capsules, tablets, tinctures, candies, and syrups) from Spain, Portugal, and Chile report pesticide in mg/kg of quintozene 1.06, procymidone 0.11, metazachlor 6.09, folpet 11.31, dichlofluanid 0.29, and chlorfenson 1.05 [162]. Other study found coumaphos in an Argentinean propolis candy sample of 0.36 mgkg −1 , whereas chlorpyrifos was detected at 0.02 mg/kg in one Uruguayan sample [163].…”

Section: Pesticides In Brazilian and Mexican Propolismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Heavy metals in Argentinian raw propolis have been detected concentrations in ppm of Zn (15.2), Pb (7.73), and Cu (2.45) [183]. Although, in the research by González-Martín et al [162], in Chilean and Spanish processed propolis have been reported heavy metals, such as, Cr (17.7), Ni (7.01), Cu (6.44), Zn (6.44), and Pb (7.21 ppm).…”

Section: Toxic Metals In Brazilian and Mexican Propolismentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of the Biological Potential and Chemical Composition of Brazilian and Mexican Propolis

et al. 2021

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Propolis is a resinous substance collected by bees from plants and its natural product is available as a safe therapeutic option easily administered orally and readily available as a natural supplement and functional food. In this work, we review the most recent scientific evidence involving propolis from two countries (Brazil and Mexico) located in different hemispheres and with varied biomes. Brazil has a scientifically well documented classification of different types of propolis. Although propolis from Brazil and Mexico present varied compositions, they share compounds with recognized biological activities in different extraction processes. Gram-negative bacteria growth is inhibited with lower concentrations of different types of propolis extracts, regardless of origin. Prominent biological activities against cancer cells and fungi were verified in the different types of extracts evaluated. Antiprotozoal activity needs to be further evaluated for propolis of both origins. Regarding the contamination of propolis (e.g., pesticides, toxic metals), few studies have been carried out. However, there is evidence of chemical contamination in propolis by anthropological action. Studies demonstrate the versatility of using propolis in its different forms (extracts, products, etc.), but several potential applications that might improve the value of Brazilian and Mexican propolis should still be investigated.

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“…Firstly, substances that facilitate dissolution of a drug or chemical greatly enhance the likelihood of absorption [ 18 ] and residue occurrence in propolis. Secondly, it has been estimated that, in propolis, pesticides resulting from beekeeping procedures are usually present at higher concentrations than those of environmental origin [ 30 ].…”

Section: Vmps Residues In Propolismentioning

confidence: 99%

Propolis Contra Pharmacological Interventions in Bees

Wojtacka

2022

Molecules

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In addition to wax, propolis is a mixture of resins, terpenes, and etheric and aromatic oils. This composition supports its very strong biochemical activity that affects bee health. Bee colonies are externally exposed to the activity of other different pharmacologically active substances and toxic agents used in beekeeping procedures, veterinary interventions, and the environment. Even if free form common diseases, they may suffer from parasites or toxins. In any such case the abundance and variety of honeyflow, besides proper therapy, is crucial for the maintenance of bee health. Propolis itself cannot be considered as food but can be considered as micro-nutrients for bees. This is due to the fact that some of its compounds may penetrate different bee products, and this way be consumed by bees and their larvae, while stored in the hive. This perspective shows propolis as natural agent reducing the toxicity of pyrethroid acaricides, stimulating production of detoxification enzymes, enhancing the action of antibiotics, and increasing expression of genes that encode proteins responsible for detoxication. The aim of this review is to summarize current data on the possible impact on veterinary public health of the introduction into propolis of residues of pharmacological agents approved in the EU for use in the treatment of bee colonies and their environment.

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Occurrence of pesticide residues in candies containing bee products

Cited by 20 publications

References 27 publications

Identification of beeswax and its falsification by the method of infrared spectroscopy

Identification of beeswax and its falsification by the method of infrared spectroscopy

Comparison of the Biological Potential and Chemical Composition of Brazilian and Mexican Propolis

Propolis Contra Pharmacological Interventions in Bees

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