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Aconitum kusnezoffii is a perennial medicinal plant belong to the Ranunculaceae family and distributed mainly in Northeast and North China. In July of 2018, a typical southern blight disease of A. kusnezoffii was observed in commercial fields of Qingyuan County, Fushun City, Liaoning Province, China. The fungus mainly infected stem base and tuberous roots of the plant by wrapping the hyphae and absorbing nutrition, resulting in tuberous root wilted or whole plant death. Morphological characteristics of colony and sclerotia of three representative strains isolated from the diseased plants differed obviously from those of Sclerotium rolfsii isolated from A. carmichaeli. Sclerotia were large (0.8-5.1 mm size), reddish-brown, irregular and pitted surfaces, and the hyphae was white, compact or fluffy, with a growth rate ranging from 8.0 mm/d to 10.1 mm/d. Phylogenetic analysis of the internal transcribed spacer and the large subunit sequences showed that three strains isolated from A. kusnezoffii formed a unique and well supported clade that groups with the reference isolates of S. delphinii. Based on phylogentic analysis, cultural and morphological characteristics, the three isolates of A. kusnezoffii were identified as S. delphinii. The optimum temperature for mycelial growth of the three tested isolates were 30℃ and sclerotia formed and matured more easily at 20℃. Light promoted the growth of mycelial, while dark was beneficial to the formation and maturation of sclerotia. The pathogenicity of S. delphinii showed stronger than S. rolfsii at low temperature (20℃). This is the first report of S. delphinii causing southern blight on A. kusnezoffii in China and this finding would provide a basis for disease accurate diagnosis and the development of effective management strategies.
Aconitum kusnezoffii is a perennial medicinal plant belong to the Ranunculaceae family and distributed mainly in Northeast and North China. In July of 2018, a typical southern blight disease of A. kusnezoffii was observed in commercial fields of Qingyuan County, Fushun City, Liaoning Province, China. The fungus mainly infected stem base and tuberous roots of the plant by wrapping the hyphae and absorbing nutrition, resulting in tuberous root wilted or whole plant death. Morphological characteristics of colony and sclerotia of three representative strains isolated from the diseased plants differed obviously from those of Sclerotium rolfsii isolated from A. carmichaeli. Sclerotia were large (0.8-5.1 mm size), reddish-brown, irregular and pitted surfaces, and the hyphae was white, compact or fluffy, with a growth rate ranging from 8.0 mm/d to 10.1 mm/d. Phylogenetic analysis of the internal transcribed spacer and the large subunit sequences showed that three strains isolated from A. kusnezoffii formed a unique and well supported clade that groups with the reference isolates of S. delphinii. Based on phylogentic analysis, cultural and morphological characteristics, the three isolates of A. kusnezoffii were identified as S. delphinii. The optimum temperature for mycelial growth of the three tested isolates were 30℃ and sclerotia formed and matured more easily at 20℃. Light promoted the growth of mycelial, while dark was beneficial to the formation and maturation of sclerotia. The pathogenicity of S. delphinii showed stronger than S. rolfsii at low temperature (20℃). This is the first report of S. delphinii causing southern blight on A. kusnezoffii in China and this finding would provide a basis for disease accurate diagnosis and the development of effective management strategies.
Aconitum carmichaelii is a prominent medicinal plant widely used in Asian countries. Southern blight is one of the main soilborne diseases and has severely restricted the sustainable development of A. carmichaelii. Its causative pathogen was identified as Sclerotium rolfsii in 1981 in the main planting areas. Typical southern blight symptoms were observed on A. carmichaelii in Jiangyou, Sichuan, China, from 2020 to 2023, and five fungal strains were isolated from diseased A. carmichaelii plants. Fungal isolates formed white, fluffy, cotton‐like mycelium and dark brown, round or oval sclerotia. The lethal temperature for these isolates was 55°C, while they showed various resistant capacities against acid, alkaline and salt conditions and fungicides. Starch and ammonium chloride were the optimal carbon and nitrogen sources for the fungal isolates, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis based on concatenated sequences of rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS), large subunit (LSU) and β‐tubulin (TUB) revealed that these five isolates clustered independently into the Agroathelia clade but with <97% identity to reference strains and were characterized as Agroathelia sp. nov. Inoculation of fungal hyphal plugs on A. carmichaelii roots and plants caused severe southern blight symptoms. Cross‐pathogenicity tests demonstrated that the five isolates also displayed high pathogenicity on eggplant and tomato plants. These findings provide valuable insights into a novel southern blight pathogen of A. carmichaelii that may contribute to effective management of this disease.
Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Breit is an important traditional Chinese medicine. In North China, conventional flat planting of P. ternate is prone to root rot during the rainy season, leading to severe yield loss. Variations in planting patterns (e.g., ridge planting) can effectively alleviate this situation. However, the relationship between planting patterns and the changes induced by rhizosphere microbiome still needs to be determined. In this study, we clarified the effect of ridge planting on the yield of P. ternata and rhizosphere microbial community using high-throughput amplicon sequencing of 16S rRNA. Field experiments showed that ridge planting could increase the yield of P. ternata by 72.69% compared with flat planting. The high-throughput sequencing results demonstrated that fungal and bacterial communities in rhizosphere siols of flat and ridge planting showed obvious difference in diversity, structure, relative abundance, and community composition. The fungal phyla Zygomycota, Basidiomycota, Glomeromycota, and the bacterial phyla Chlamydiae, Tenericutes, and Hydrogenedentes were present in a higher relative abundance in the rhizosphere of ridge planting. Adonis multivariate analysis of variance results showed that 29 bacterial genera were significantly up/down-regulated, and only 4 fungal genera were changed considerably in ridge planting soil, indicating that the bacterial community composition varied significantly between the two treatments. Correlation analysis revealed that the yield of P. ternata was positively correlated with fungal genera Emericellopsis while negatively correlated with bacterial genera Acetobacter, Iamia, and fungal genera Thielavia. Overall, this study showed that ridge cropping significantly impacts the diversity and composition of the rhizosphere microbiome. It creates an environment favorable for crop growth and can be an effective planting strategy for P. ternata in areas with irrigation and high monsoon rainfall in North China.
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