Occurrence of typhoid among the local population of district Dir Lower: A laboratory based study

Abstract

Introduction: Typhoid fever, a bacterial disease caused by Salmonella typhi (S. typhi) remains a major health problem in the Asian sub-continent due to poor hygienic conditions. Aim: Our aim was to determine the prevalence of Typhoid fever among the general population of district Lower Dir, Pakistan in order to describe the disease occurrence and distribution. Material and methods: This was a descriptive-epidemiological study. 1076 subjects were enrolled; with presentation of common symptoms of typhoid at the Fazal-Rahim Clinical Laboratory as inclusion criteria. Typhidot test was performed for all participants. Data were analyzed using Chi-square test and P-values less than 0.05 were considered significant. PHStat software was used for statistical analyses. Results and discussion: The study comprised of 414 males and 662 females. 37.26% of total cases were found positive; Females (62.64%) were more affected compared to males (37.4%). Furthermore, the IgM antibodies were detected in 353 (88.02%) patients while IgG antibodies were present in only 48 (19.98%). Age group 20-40 years recorded the highest incidence of cases 242 (60.34%); also the month of March recorded the highest incidence of cases 67 (50.38%). Overall, typhoid is a common disease in the local population of Dir (Lower), it is dominant in females with the highest burden recorded in the economically-productive age group 20-40 years. Conclusions: Further studies are recommended to determine the antibiotic susceptibility pattern; there is need to launch effective programmes for the eradication of the disease and promote safe drinking water and food through public enlightenment and education.

The state of the red bone marrow in rats depending on age in case of poisoning with lead acetate and potassium dichromate

“…Also, the resistance of the erythrocyte membrane was determined with the use of haepotanic solutions of different concentrations. 19,20 The number of reticulocytes, a short-term phase of erythrocyte development, was counted in a smear after a specialsupravital (intravital) staining. In a smear under a microscope with an immersion system, the number of reticulocytes was counted per 1000 erythrocytes.…”

Bloodstream infections – etiology and current microbiological diagnostics

“…4,5 Profiles of microorganisms being detected in the blood of patients, are linked to the endemic or socioeconomic situation in specific institutions or geographic regions. 6,7 Determination of BSI etiology is based on culture and non-culture methods. The diagnostic challenge is due to a broad profile of potential pathogens, usually a low load of microorganisms often intermittent presence of microorganisms in the bloodstream and a risk of unreliableness of the result due to possibility of contamination.…”