Occurrence, removal, and environmental risk of phthalates in wastewaters, landfill leachates, and groundwater in Poland

Kotowska, Urszula; Kapelewska, Justyna; Sawczuk, Róża

doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115643

Cited by 97 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 74 publications

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“…The concentrations of DEHP could not be quantified in any sample, as they were higher than 250 µg/L. Some authors have demonstrated that DEHP is normally present in higher concentration than other PAEs [30,62]. Our analysis found the DMP, DEP and DBP values to be higher than those reported in China [29,63], United States [64] and most of Europe [26], but similar to those reported in Poland [28,65], Thailand [66] and Brazil [67].…”

Section: Analysis Of Real Samplessupporting

confidence: 56%

“…The analysis of PAEs in leachates is a complex task, chromatographic techniques such as gas (GC) or liquid chromatography (LC) coupled to mass-spectrometry (MS) are the most frequently used [30]; but the samples require pretreatment before chromatographic analysis. Pretreatment usually include an extraction procedure followed by concentration and clean-up steps.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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New Analytical Method for Determination of Phthalates in Wastewater by on Line LC-GC-MS Using the TOTAD Interface and Fraction Collector

et al. 2021

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There is an increasing demand for automatic, reliable and sensitive analytical methods for determining trace levels of phthalic acid esters (PAEs) in environmental samples. While on line coupled liquid chromatography-gas chromatography (LC-GC) has been proof to be a powerful tool for trace-level analyses in complex matrices, the present work presents a new totally automated on line LC-GC method, using the Through Oven Transfer Adsorption Desorption (TOTAD) interface, for the analysis of four of the main phthalates, dibuthyl phthalate (DBP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), dimethyl phthalate (DMP) and diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), in a matrix as complex as leachate. The sample is directly injected into the LC injector valve with no sample pretreatment other than simple filtration. The LC step separates the target analytes from matrix interference. Two different LC fractions are collected in a purposely designed fraction collector and then transferred to the TOTAD interface, which concentrates the analytes, totally eliminates the solvent and transfers the analytes to the GC-MS system, where the analysis is carried out. The LOD of the method varied from 0.1 µg/L (DEHP) to 1.4 µg/L (DMP), RSD for retention time below 0.14% and for absolute peak areas below 12% and linearity from 1 µg/L to 1000 µg/L (R2 > 0.99), except in the case of DEHP (linearity from 1 to 250 µg/L, R2 = 0.94). The method was applied to the analysis of the target analytes in samples collected from a municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill in Rosario (Argentina).

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Section: Analysis Of Real Samplessupporting

confidence: 56%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

New Analytical Method for Determination of Phthalates in Wastewater by on Line LC-GC-MS Using the TOTAD Interface and Fraction Collector

et al. 2021

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“…In this work the frequency of detection was 52% and mean concentrations reached 225 ng/L. In general, it is detected at various concentrations in untreated wastewater from relatively low (0.3 ng/L) to high (50 µg/L) values depending on the specific area [76,77]. The application of dimethyl phosphate as an insect repellent is currently limited and the found concentrations are probably due to its use as a plasticizer.…”

Section: Insecticidesmentioning

confidence: 63%

Assessment of Environmental Pollution and Human Exposure to Pesticides by Wastewater Analysis in a Seven-Year Study in Athens, Greece

Rousis

Denardou

Alygizakis

et al. 2021

Toxics

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Pesticides have been used in large amounts around the world for decades and are responsible for environmental pollution and various adverse effects on human health. Analysis of untreated wastewater can deliver useful information on pesticides’ use in a particular area and allow the assessment of human exposure to certain substances. A wide-scope screening method, based on liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry, was applied, using both target and suspect screening methodologies. Daily composite influent wastewater samples were collected for seven or eight consecutive days in Athens between 2014 and 2020 and analyzed for 756 pesticides, their environmental transformation products and their human metabolites. Forty pesticides were quantified at mean concentrations up to 4.9 µg/L (tralkoxydim). The most abundant class was fungicides followed by herbicides, insect repellents, insecticides and plant growth regulators. In addition, pesticide transformation products and/or metabolites were detected with high frequency, indicating that research should be focused on them. Human exposure was evaluated using the wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) approach and 3-ethyl-carbamoyl benzoic acid and cis-1,2,3,6-tetrahydrophthalimide were proposed as potential WBE biomarkers. Wastewater analysis revealed the presence of unapproved pesticides and indicated that there is an urgent need to include more transformation products in target databases.

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“…“Negative removal” has been previously observed and it could be explained by the varying sorption of the target compounds in activated sludge and their subsequent desorption by successive portions of wastewater 51 . The reason may also be that influents and effluents were collected at the same time while the treatment process in WWTP A takes about 48 h so the effluents came from a completely different portion of influents than taken on a given day 52 . There may also be a situation where complex compounds containing BT in their structure (BUVs, antimicrobial agents, antiparasitic drugs and other) undergo decomposition due to purification processes taking place in WWTPs.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simultaneous determination of low molecule benzotriazoles and benzotriazole UV stabilizers in wastewater by ultrasound-assisted emulsification microextraction followed by GC–MS detection

Kotowska

Struk-Sokołowska

Piekutin

2021

Sci Rep

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A rapid, sensitive, economically and ecologically friendly method based on one-step ultrasound-assisted emulsification microextraction and in situ derivatization followed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry for simultaneous determination of low molecular benzotriazoles and benzotriazole-based ultraviolet filters was developed. The optimized method allows quantification of benzotriazole, 4-methylbenzotriazole, 5-methylbenzotriazole; 5-chlorobenzotriazole, 2-(2′-hydroxy-3′-tert-butyl-5′-methylphenyl)-5-chlorobenzortriazole and 2-(2′-hydroxy-5′-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenyl)benzotriazole in municipal and industrial (dairy) wastewater. The method was validated using real influent and effluent wastewater and samples at various stages of the purification process. Relative recoveries obtained using wastewater as sample matrix were between 77 and 137%, method limits of detection from 0.001 to 0.035 µg/L, method limits of quantification from 0.003 to 0.116 µg/L, the repeatability expressed by the coefficient of variation did not exceed 12%. The use of the method for the determination of tested compounds in municipal and industrial wastewater showed their presence in most of the tested samples, in concentrations from LoD to 6.110 µg/L. The conducted studies of samples from municipal wastewater treatment plant located in north-east Poland showed that the effectiveness of benzotriazole removal by this plant wasfrom 29 to 84%. The load of tested compounds released into the environment by this facility ranges from 2 to 269 mg/day/1000 inhabitants.

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Occurrence, removal, and environmental risk of phthalates in wastewaters, landfill leachates, and groundwater in Poland

Cited by 97 publications

References 74 publications

New Analytical Method for Determination of Phthalates in Wastewater by on Line LC-GC-MS Using the TOTAD Interface and Fraction Collector

New Analytical Method for Determination of Phthalates in Wastewater by on Line LC-GC-MS Using the TOTAD Interface and Fraction Collector

Assessment of Environmental Pollution and Human Exposure to Pesticides by Wastewater Analysis in a Seven-Year Study in Athens, Greece

Simultaneous determination of low molecule benzotriazoles and benzotriazole UV stabilizers in wastewater by ultrasound-assisted emulsification microextraction followed by GC–MS detection

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