Occurrence, spatial distribution, seasonal variations, potential sources, and inhalation-based health risk assessment of organic/inorganic pollutants in ambient air of Tehran

Abstract

The present study evaluated the concentrations, spatial distribution, seasonal variations, potential sources, and risk assessment of organic/ inorganic pollutants in ambient air of Tehran city. Totally, 180 air samples were taken from 9 sampling stations from March 2018 to March 2019 and were analyzed to determine the concentrations of organic pollutants (BTEX compounds and PM 2.5 -bound PAHs) plus inorganic pollutants (PM 2.5 -bound metals and asbestos fibers). The results revealed that the mean concentrations of P PAHs, BTEX, P heavy metals, and asbestos fibers were 5.34 ng/m 3 , 60.55 lg/m 3 , 8585.12 ng/m 3 , and 4.13 fiber/ml in the cold season, respectively, and 3.88 ng/m 3 , 33.86 lg/m 3 , 5682.61 ng/m 3 , and 3.21 fiber/ml in the warm season, respectively. Source apportionment of emission of the air pollutants showed that PAHs are emitted from diesel vehicles and industrial activities. BTEX and asbestos are also released mainly by vehicles. The results of the inhalation-based risk assessment indicated that the carcinogenic risk of PAHs, BTEX, and asbestos exceeded the recommended limit by The US environmental protection agency (US EPA) and WHO Majid Kermani and Zahra Asadgol are considered as joint first authors.

Health risk assessment of occupational exposure to heavy metals among green space workers in Iran

“…The higher pollution levels in this region can be attributed, in part, to the increased emissions from vehicles, given the high volume of vehicles circulating in this central area metals (Talebi et al, 2008). Notably, the release of lead, zinc, manganese, nickel, cobalt, and cadmium into the atmosphere is primarily a consequence of human activities, including the combustion of fossil fuels, such as direct emissions from car exhausts (Joselow et al, 1978; Kermani et al, 2021; NIOSH, 2002; Raikwar et al, 2008; Said, 2022).…”

BTEX in Ambient Air of India: a Scoping Review of their Concentrations, Sources, and impact

“…Among the Asian countries, India is the second-largest contributor to the emissions of non-methane VOCs (Kurokawa et al, 2013). The BTEX levels of India is 1.5 times lower than those in China and two-to threefold higher than those in other Asian countries like Japan (Hu et al, 2018;Tang et al, 2005), Iran (Kermani et al, 2021;Maleki et al, 2020;Hazrati et al, 2016;Rad et al, 2014), Hong Kong (Ho et al, 2004), South Korea (Na & Kim, 2001), and Pakistan (Barletta et al, 2002). It might be the use of low-grade fuel in developing areas and road maintenance (Li et al, 2017).…”

Atmospheric Concentrations, Seasonal Variations and Health Risk Assessment of PM 2.5 , PM 10 , and SO 2 in Tehran Metropolis, Iran

“…Non-carcinogenic risks of PM 2.5 , PM 10, and SO 2 via inhalation in Tehran Figure6depicts the spatial distribution of the sampling area's typical yearly concentrations of SO 2 , PM 2.5 , and PM 10 in Tehran. The greatest PM 2.5 and SO 2 concentrations were found in the west and southwest of Tehran, as seen in Fig.6.This area is located in an industrial area that emits pollutants from manufacturers like petroleum-based and gas re neries, electronics manufacturing facilities, cement and grinder industries, machinery repair shops, packaging companies, and companies that make plastic pipes, all of which have a negative impact on the area's air quality(Kermani, Asadgol, et al, 2021;Raeisi et al, 2016;Wu et al, 2014). On the other hand, Tehran City experiences predominant northwest to southeast wind rose, which has ultimately resulted in the concentration of PM 2.5 and SO 2 in these regions.…”