Ocean acidification affects parameters of immune response and extracellular pH in tropical sea urchins Lytechinus variegatus and Echinometra luccunter

Do males and females respond differently to ocean acidification? An experimental study with the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus

“…In this study, no differences in coelomocyte number and volume between sexes were found, but 60-day exposure induced a significant increase in coelomocyte number of both males and females in the extreme experimental condition tested (7.4 pH). Similarly, a significant increase in coelomocyte number with no differences in cell-type proportions was observed in L. variegatus exposed for 5 days to 7.3 pH (Leite Figueiredo et al 2016). Despite coelomocyte number remained unchanged in Echinometra lucunter and E. droebachiensis, exposure to low pH induced an increase in phagocytic amoebocytes and a decrease in vibratile cells (Dupont and Thorndyke 2012;Leite Figueiredo et al 2016).…”

“…The increased CO 2 concentration in seawater can affect marine organisms both directly, as CO 2 enters the organisms by diffusion inducing hypercapnia (i.e., CO 2 accumulation in the internal fluids) and indirectly through acidosis (i.e., internal pH decrease). In sea urchins, regulation of internal pH under seawater acidification is documented in both laboratory and natural conditions (Catarino et al 2012 ; Dupont and Thorndyke 2012 ; Collard et al 2013 ; Leite Figueiredo et al 2016 ; Lewis et al 2016 ; Migliaccio et al 2019 ). Maintenance of acid-base homeostasis is attained by increasing bicarbonate levels in the coelomic fluid, as demonstrated in P. lividus and S. droebachiensis exposed to reduced pH (Collard et al 2013 ; Stumpp et al 2012 ).…”

“…As demonstrated in Lytechinus variegatus , Echinometra lucunter and Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis , ocean acidification affects adult sea urchin immune system after a short-term exposure (from 24 h to 7 days). Alterations of immunological parameters seem to be mainly linked to pH decrease in coelomic liquid and appeared reversible when natural values were re-established (Dupont and Thorndyke 2012 ; Leite Figueiredo et al 2016 ).…”

Microbiome shifts with onset and progression of Sea Star Wasting Disease revealed through time course sampling

“…These interactions between pathogen, microbiome, and conditions have been shown in a range of systems, chytridiomycosis in amphibians 34 , 38 , bovine tuberculosis in African buffalo 36 , and Enterobacterial blooms in gut inflammation diseases in humans and mouse models 37 , 39 . In sea urchins, which are echinoderms like sea stars, temperature and pH conditions have been shown to impact microbial community composition and affect immune function 40 – 42 . Other potentially important players in disease are bacteriophages (phages), viruses that infect bacteria, because they can affect microbial community composition and make way for opportunistic pathogens in a host 35 , 43 , 44 .…”

Research progress in ecotoxicology of climate change coupled with marine pollutions

“…一方面, 海水酸化造成海洋生物生理功能、形 态、行为和生长特征的改变, 从而导致海洋生物抵御 外界污染的能力降低. 如酸化显著影响甲壳类、贝 类、鱼类及棘皮动物幼体发育, 降低成体的钙化率和 呼吸活动, 改变机体能量代谢方式, 干扰感知和运动 行为, 抑制免疫防御系统的活性 [58] ; 腐蚀对足目等 海洋生物的钙质外壳, 使其外壳更难形成或维持, 促 进其表皮对污染物的吸收 [59] ; 降低甲壳类海洋生物 体内的酚氧化酶活性, 降低其抵抗外来污染物的能 力 [60] ; 溶解贻贝的碳酸钙外壳, 改变其体内Ca 2+ 浓 度, 导致依赖Ca 2+ 的细胞信号传导通路受到扰乱, 进 而抑制贻贝的免疫反应 [56,61] . 中等浓度水平CO 2 (600, 700, 900 μatm)暴露下, 小丑鱼(Amphiprion percula)…”