“…At the same time, heavy metals can be released from sediments to overlying waters due to natural or anthropogenic disturbances, acting as a source (Pan and Wang, 2012). It is known that high concentrations of heavy metals may cause toxicity in various taxonomic groups of marine organisms, including corals (Biscéré et al, 2015), fish (Cui et al, 2020), macroalgae (Wen and Zou, 2021), microalgae (Zhang et al, 2020), molluscs (Cao et al, 2018), and polychaetes (Nielson et al, 2019), targeting their growth, development, photosynthesis, gametogenesis, and antioxidant systems (Filosto et al, 2008;Pinsino et al, 2010;Matranga et al, 2011). Additionally, toxic heavy metals can be taken up by primary producers, enter the food web and be potentially transferred to higher trophic levels and threaten human beings (Wang, 2002).…”