Oceanographic Basis of the Global Surface Distribution of
            <i>Prochlorococcus</i>
            Ecotypes

Bouman, Heather A.; Ulloa, Osvaldo; Scanlan, David J.; Zwirglmaier, Katrin; Li, William K. W.; Platt, Trevor; Stuart, Venetia; Barlow, Ray; Leth, Ole; Clementson, Lesley; Lutz, Vivian A.; Fukasawa, Masao; Watanabe, Shuichi; Sathyendranath, Shubha

doi:10.1126/science.1122692

Cited by 197 publications

(196 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Additionally, six clades denoted by differences in internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences displayed distinct distribution patterns on ocean-scale gradients ( Johnson et al 2006). In particular, temperature correlated with occurrence and tolerance limits of different isolates from within the clusters, but other ecological factors also showed a relationship (Bouman et al 2006;Johnson et al 2006). Temperature was also identified as a key regulator in analysis of coexisting Vibrio populations identified as microdiverse 16S rRNA clusters.…”

Section: Sequence Clusters As Populations or Species?mentioning

confidence: 96%

Patterns and mechanisms of genetic and phenotypic differentiation in marine microbes

Polz

Hunt

Preheim

et al. 2006

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

177

156

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Microbes in the ocean dominate biogeochemical processes and are far more diverse than anticipated. Thus, in order to understand the ocean system, we need to delineate microbial populations with predictable ecological functions. Recent observations suggest that ocean communities comprise diverse groups of bacteria organized into genotypic (and phenotypic) clusters of closely related organisms. Although such patterns are similar to metazoan communities, the underlying mechanisms for microbial communities may differ substantially. Indeed, the potential among ocean microbes for vast population sizes, extensive migration and both homologous and illegitimate genetic recombinations, which are uncoupled from reproduction, challenges classical population models primarily developed for sexually reproducing animals. We examine possible mechanisms leading to the formation of genotypic clusters and consider alternative population genetic models for differentiation at individual loci as well as gene content at the level of whole genomes. We further suggest that ocean bacteria follow at least two different adaptive strategies, which constrain rates and bounds of evolutionary processes: the 'opportuni-troph', exploiting spatially and temporally variable resources; and the passive oligotroph, efficiently using low nutrient concentrations. These ecological lifestyle differences may represent a fundamental divide with major consequences for growth and predation rates, genome evolution and population diversity, as emergent properties driving the division of labour within microbial communities.

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Section: Sequence Clusters As Populations or Species?mentioning

confidence: 96%

Patterns and mechanisms of genetic and phenotypic differentiation in marine microbes

Polz

Hunt

Preheim

et al. 2006

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

177

156

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show abstract

“…Thus, like other phytoplankton, the life and death of Prochlorococcus are intimately coupled with that of co-occurring microbes. Although significant advances have been made in understanding 'top down' control of Prochlorococcus populations by phage and grazers (for example, Worden and Binder, 2003;Avrani et al, 2011;Pasulka et al, 2015), as well as 'bottom up' control by nutrients, temperature and light (for example, Bouman et al, 2006;Johnson et al, 2006;Saito et al, 2014), studying how co-occurring heterotrophic microbes affect Prochlorococcus is still in its infancy. Several recent studies have shown that co-occurring heterotrophic bacteria can both enhance and inhibit the growth of Prochlorococcus in laboratory co-cultures (Morris et al, 2008;Sher et al, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transcriptional response of Prochlorococcus to co-culture with a marine Alteromonas: differences between strains and the involvement of putative infochemicals

Aharonovich

Sher

2016

The ISME Journal

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Interactions between marine microorganisms may determine the dynamics of microbial communities. Here, we show that two strains of the globally abundant marine cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus, MED4 and MIT9313, which belong to two different ecotypes, differ markedly in their response to coculture with a marine heterotrophic bacterium, Alteromonas macleodii strain HOT1A3. HOT1A3 enhanced the growth of MIT9313 at low cell densities, yet inhibited it at a higher concentration, whereas it had no effect on MED4 growth. The early transcriptomic responses of Prochlorococcus cells after 20 h in co-culture showed no evidence of nutrient starvation, whereas the expression of genes involved in photosynthesis, protein synthesis and stress responses typically decreased in MED4 and increased in MIT313. Differential expression of genes involved in outer membrane modification, efflux transporters and, in MIT9313, lanthipeptides (prochlorosins) suggests that Prochlorococcus mount a specific response to the presence of the heterotroph in the cultures. Intriguingly, many of the differentially-expressed genes encoded short proteins, including two new families of co-culture responsive genes: CCRG-1, which is found across the Prochlorococcus lineage and CCRG-2, which contains a sequence motif involved in the export of prochlorosins and other bacteriocin-like peptides, and are indeed released from the cells into the media.

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“…Sampling procedures and nutrient analyses for the ARCTIC, VANC10MV and BEAGLE cruises ( Figure 1 and Table 1) can be found in Not et al (2005Not et al ( , 2008 and Bouman et al (2006). In brief, samples analysed from the Arctic Ocean cruise were collected at six depths from the surface of the water column to B60 m deep in August 2002.…”

Section: Samplingmentioning

confidence: 99%

A global perspective on marine photosynthetic picoeukaryote community structure

et al. 2013

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A central goal in ecology is to understand the factors affecting the temporal dynamics and spatial distribution of microorganisms and the underlying processes causing differences in community structure and composition. However, little is known in this respect for photosynthetic picoeukaryotes (PPEs), algae that are now recognised as major players in marine CO 2 fixation. Here, we analysed dot blot hybridisation and cloning-sequencing data, using the plastid-encoded 16S rRNA gene, from seven research cruises that encompassed all four ocean biomes. We provide insights into global abundance, a-and b-diversity distribution and the environmental factors shaping PPE community structure and composition. At the class level, the most commonly encountered PPEs were Prymnesiophyceae and Chrysophyceae. These taxa displayed complementary distribution patterns, with peak abundances of Prymnesiophyceae and Chrysophyceae in waters of high (25:1) or low (12:1) nitrogen:phosphorus (N:P) ratio, respectively. Significant differences in phylogenetic composition of PPEs were demonstrated for higher taxonomic levels between ocean basins, using Unifrac analyses of clone library sequence data. Differences in composition were generally greater between basins (interbasins) than within a basin (intrabasin). These differences were primarily linked to taxonomic variation in the composition of Prymnesiophyceae and Prasinophyceae whereas Chrysophyceae were phylogenetically similar in all libraries. These data provide better knowledge of PPE community structure across the world ocean and are crucial in assessing their evolution and contribution to CO 2 fixation, especially in the context of global climate change.

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Oceanographic Basis of the Global Surface Distribution of Prochlorococcus Ecotypes

Cited by 197 publications

References 27 publications

Patterns and mechanisms of genetic and phenotypic differentiation in marine microbes

Patterns and mechanisms of genetic and phenotypic differentiation in marine microbes

Transcriptional response of Prochlorococcus to co-culture with a marine Alteromonas: differences between strains and the involvement of putative infochemicals

A global perspective on marine photosynthetic picoeukaryote community structure

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