Ochratoxin in food: a risk for pregnant women?

Formation of δ-Lactones by Cerium-Catalyzed, Baeyer–Villiger-Type Coupling of β-Oxoesters, Enol Acetates, and Dioxygen

“…(td, J HF = 8.6 Hz, J HH = 6.5 Hz, 1H) ppm. 13 C{ 1 H} NMR (125 MHz, CDCl 3 ): δ = 14.0 (CH 3 ), 21.0 (CH 2 ), 30.2 (CH 2 ), 49.9 (d, 4 J CF = 9.1 Hz, CH 2 ), 51.2 (d, 5 J CF = 2.0 Hz, C), 62.2 (CH 2 ), 69.9 (CH 2 ), 104.8 (dd, 2 J CF = 27.7 Hz, 2 J CF = 25.5 Hz, CH), 112.3 (dd, 2 J CF = 21.4 Hz, 4 J CF = 3.4 Hz, CH), 121.1 (dd, 3 J CF = 12.8 Hz, 4 J CF = 3.6 Hz, C), 132.6 (dd, 3 J CF = 10.8 Hz, 3 J CF = 3.9 Hz, CH), 162.9 (dd, 1 J CF = 258.7 Hz, 3 J CF = 12.7 Hz, CF), 166.1 (dd, 1 J CF = 258.2 Hz, 3 J CF = 12.4 Hz, CF), 169.7 (C), 171.1 (C), 193.2 (d, 3 J CF = 4.6 Hz, C) ppm. 19 Ethyl 2-[2-Oxo-2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)ethyl]cyclopentanone-2-carboxylate (7ae).…”

“…1 H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl 3 ): δ = 1.23 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H), 2.02−2.11 (m, 2H), 2.12−2.21 (m, 1H), 2.47−2.60 (m, 2H), 2.64−2.69 (m, 1H), 3.41 (dd, J = 19.2 Hz, J = 3.4 Hz, 1H), 3.74 (dd, J = 19.1 Hz, J = 3.5 Hz, 1H), 4.16 (q, J = 7.1 Hz, 2H), 6.87 (ddd, J HF = 11.1 Hz, J HF = 8.6 Hz, J HH = 2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.93−6.96 (m, 1H), 7.90 (td, J HF = 8.7 Hz, J HH = 6.6 Hz, 1H) ppm. 13 C{ 1 H} NMR (125 MHz, CDCl 3 ): δ = 14.0 (CH 3 ), 19.8 (CH 2 ), 33.4 (CH 2 ), 37.6 (CH 2 ), 47.8 (d, 4 J CF = 8.7 Hz, CH 2 ), 57.7 (d, 5 J CF = 1.5 Hz, C), 61.6 (CH 2 ), 104.8 (dd, 2 J CF = 27.7 Hz, 2 J CF = 25.5 Hz, CH), 112.3 (dd, 2 J CF = 21.5 Hz, 4 J CF = 3.3 Hz, CH), 121.5 (dd, 3 J CF = 13.2 Hz, 4 J CF = 3.5 Hz, C), 132.6 (dd, 3 J CF = 10.5 Hz, 3 J CF = 4.1 Hz, CH), 162.8 (dd, 1 J CF = 258.8 Hz, 3 J CF = 12.5 Hz, CF), 166.0 (dd, 1 J CF = 257.9 Hz, 3 J CF = 12.2 Hz, CF), 170.4 (C), 193.3 (d, 3 J CF = 4.7 Hz, C), 214.5 (C) ppm. 19 Ethyl 3-[2-Oxo-2-(4-nitrophenyl)ethyl]tetrahydropyrane-2one-3-carboxylate (11af).…”

“…The δ-lactone unit is a widely spread structural motif in natural products and pharmaceutically active compounds. Four prominent examples are warfarin ( 1 ), an anticoagulant; the topoisomerase I inhibitor irinotecan ( 2 ), a camptothecin derivative; the antimalarial artemisinin ( 3 ); and ochratoxin A ( 4 ), a toxin from Aspergillus species (Figure ). There are several strategies in the literature to prepare lactones with an α-quaternary carbon center .…”

Mycotoxins in milk for human nutrition: cow, sheep and human breast milk

“…The metabolisation of this agent in humans is rather limited, so that it will be accumulated in the body. Its role in pregnant women has been assessed quite recently [ 16 ].…”

“…(Other organizations have established even lower limits for intake of ochratoxin A). According to the consumption habits of a certain population this arbitrary limit can be often exceeded, for example by strong coffee drinkers [ 16 ]. For instance, in the so-called “mediterranean diet” one can find an 8-fold higher content of mycotoxins including ochratoxin [ 11 ].…”