Ochratoxins A and B Confirmation by Microbiological Assay Using Bacillus cereus mycoides

Broce, Domiciano; Grodner, R.M.; Killebrew, Rosamond; Bonner, F. L.

doi:10.1093/jaoac/53.3.616

Cited by 2 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…The results indicate that the lowest amount of OA giving a response was 0.5 !lg per disc. This is the lowest amount of OA reported to be detected by microbiological assay and• is 3 and 1,200 times lower than that previously reported in literature (3,8). When the assay used by Heller et al (8) was repeated in our laboratory, the lowest limit of to.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 46%

Comparison of Toxicity of Different Mycotoxins to Several Species of Bacteria and Yeasts: Use of Bacillus brevis in a Disc Diffusion Assay

Madhyastha

Marquardt

Masi

et al. 1994

Journal of Food Protection

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Twelve species of bacteria and two species of yeast were tested for sensitivity against 11 different mycotoxins using a disc diffusion assay. Among the bacterial species, Bacillus brevis appeared to be the most sensitive microorganism, being sensitive to eight mycotoxins (AFB1, ochratoxin A [OA], citrinin [CT], patulin [PAT], penicillic acid [PA], cyclopiazonic acid [CPA], penitrem A [PT-A], and zearalenone [ZEE]). This microorganism was not affected by a high concentration (500 μg per disc) of any of the trichothecenes (T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, diacetoxyscirpenol, and deoxynivalenol). Kluyveromyces marxianus, a species of yeast, was the only microorganism that was inhibited by all four of the trichothecenes but was not inhibited by the other mycotoxins. The area of the inhibition zone produced by some of the mycotoxins such as OA with the B. brevis assay was dramatically influenced by the pH of the medium, while the toxicity of other mycotoxins such as AFB1 was relatively pH independent. The sensitivity of the B. brevis assay also tended to decrease at agar volumes above 6 ml and as the number of microbes per plate increased. The lowest amounts of the different ochratoxins; OA, OB and OC (OA ethyl ester) that could be detected under optimal conditions were 0.5, 20, and 2 μg per disc, respectively. The lowest amounts of CPA, AFB1 CT, PAT, PA, PT-A, and ZEE that were detectable were 0.5, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, and 10 μg per disc, respectively. These results demonstrate that B. brevis can be used as a positive indicator organism to detect the presence of several common non-trichothecene mycotoxins. The results demonstrate that, used together, B. brevis and K. marxianus can be used as indicator organisms in a bioassay approach to the detection of several of the most common mycotoxins.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 46%

Comparison of Toxicity of Different Mycotoxins to Several Species of Bacteria and Yeasts: Use of Bacillus brevis in a Disc Diffusion Assay

Madhyastha

Marquardt

Masi

et al. 1994

Journal of Food Protection

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“…The extracts were filtered through Whatman no. 2 filter paper. The residue was reblended with 250 ml of solvent and refiltered, and the filtrates were combined.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Organisms tested included the bacteria Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus (strain 80), Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus mycoides, Neisseria sicca, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae (NWQL 33-300), Pasteurella multicolor, the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae ellipsoides, and the actinomycete Nocardia sp. Incubation temperature was 25 to 28 C. The method used was essentially that of Broce et al (2).…”

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confidence: 99%

Byssotoxin A, a secondary metabolite of Byssochlamys fulva

Kramer¹,

Davis²,

Diener³

1976

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Byssochlamys fulva, isolated from corn, was grown on nutrient-amended shredded wheat medium for 14 days at 25 C. Crude solvent extract from these cultures was toxic to brine shrimp, chicken embryos, and rats. The extract was slightly inhibitory to the germination of pea seeds, but was nontoxic to ten species of bacteria and one of yeast. One metabolite was isolated, given the trivial name byssotoxin A, and partially characterized chemically and physically. Incidences of food spoilage caused by Byssochlamys fulva were first reported by Olliver and Smith (16). B. fulva was thought to be confined to Great Britain (-15, 18), but has since been reported from Switzerland (14), Canada (21), Australia (20), the United States (19), and Brazil (11). B. fulva, described as a saprophyte easily cultured on laboratory media, also grows well on acidic fruit juices of approximately 10% sugar content (15). B. fulva and its imperfect state Paecilomyces varioti have been isolated from processed fruits (9, 10, 12, 15, 16), sorghum brandy (3, 19), Manitoba butter (1), and cassava bread (11). Various metabolites of B. fulva (P. varioti) and the closely related B. nivea have been reported, among them the mycotoxins byssochlamic acid (17), patulin (6), and an unknown substance toxic to chickens (5). Variotin and ustic acid have been reported from P. varioti (3). In our research, extracts from culture media of B. fulva were bioassayed and found to be toxic to brine shrimp and chicken embryos in preliminary experiments. Known toxic metabolites were not present in the extracts. This communication reports the isolation and partial characterization of a new toxic metabolite given the trivial name byssotoxin A. (Portions of this study were submitted by R. K. Kramer in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the M.S. degree.) MATERIALS AND METHODS Organism. B. fulva Westling AUA 583, isolated from corn in this laboratory, was used throughout the investigation. Cultures were maintained at 25 C on Czapek solution agar (3). Inoculum was produced on test tube slants containing the following medium, in grams per liter: dextrose, 20; KH2PO4, 5; MgSO4, 0.5; yeast extract, 7; and agar, 25.

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Ochratoxins A and B Confirmation by Microbiological Assay Using Bacillus cereus mycoides

Cited by 2 publications

References 0 publications

Comparison of Toxicity of Different Mycotoxins to Several Species of Bacteria and Yeasts: Use of Bacillus brevis in a Disc Diffusion Assay

Comparison of Toxicity of Different Mycotoxins to Several Species of Bacteria and Yeasts: Use of Bacillus brevis in a Disc Diffusion Assay

Byssotoxin A, a secondary metabolite of Byssochlamys fulva

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