Octopus arm regeneration: Role of acetylcholinesterase during morphological modification

Reversion to developmental pathways underlies rapid arm regeneration in juvenile European cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis (Linnaeus 1758)

“…The outlier individuals within a single treatment showing markedly higher transcript levels of these genes, and the seemingly delayed progression of regeneration in the LPS treatment, suggests that development of the different tissue layers is a sequential process. Stepwise upregulation of acetylcholinesterase expression, strongly correlated with cell proliferation, was previously seen in regenerating arms of Octopus vulgaris (Fossati, Carella, De Vico, Benfenati, & Zullo, 2013); the authors discussed noncholinergic roles of the enzyme during development and speculated on a similar role during regeneration. While there was no apparent change between treatments in SoxB1 or SoxB2 transcript levels, it is possible that these genes were most active during the initial derivation of the new central nerve core, which was likely already developed in most of the animals at the time of sampling.…”

“…This study focused on three genes associated with early tissue speciation. Previous studies have identified many genes implicated in cephalopod limb morphogenesis; future experimentation would especially benefit from timepoint‐ and treatment‐specific profiles, with particular emphasis on genes associated with nervous precursor distribution and development of complex sensory and neurological structures (Baratte & Bonnaud, ; Bassaglia et al, ; Buresi, Baratte, Da Silva, & Bonnaud, ; Buresi, Canali, Bonnaud, & Baratte, ; Buresi, Croll, Tiozzo, Bonnaud, & Baratte, ; Focareta, Sesso, & Cole, ; Zhang & Tublitz, ), as well as muscle (Bassaglia et al, ; Fossati et al, ; Navet et al, ; Zullo et al, ) and endothelium (Focareta & Cole, ). Additional genes of interest should be garnered from the available studies in models across taxa (Fei et al, ; Godwin et al, ; Kawakami et al, ; Uygur & Lee, ; Wischin et al, ); ideally strategies utilizing transcriptomic or single‐cell RNA sequencing could be compared on both amputated and regenerated limb tips to provide greater clarity on intraindividual variation in expression based on injury‐naïve and regenerating conditions.…”

Small-Animal 18F-FDG PET for Research on Octopus vulgaris: Applications and Future Directions in Invertebrate Neuroscience and Tissue Regeneration

“…At the stages of regeneration analyzed, the tip is populated by various quantities of intensely proliferating cells at the blastemal, nervous system, and muscle levels ( Fig. 6) (29). In particular, cell proliferation at the tip is highest at around 11-17 d of regeneration and is lower at around 33 d, although still above basal levels (29).…”

Regeneration in spiralians: evolutionary patterns and developmental processes

“…However, across the phylum, a number of structures have been shown to regenerate. These include the foot, anterior neural elements, tentacles, and even the entire head of some gastropods (Moffett, 1995(Moffett, , 1996Gorbushin et al, 2001;Matsuo et al, 2010;Tuchina and Meyer-Rochow, 2010;Hoso, 2012), the siphon and parts of the shell and mantle of some bivalves (Ansell et al, 1999;Tomiyama and Ito, 2006;Nuñez et al, 2013), and the arms, tentacles, and suckers of many cephalopods (Feral, 1978;Bush, 2012;Fossati et al, 2013) including those of giant squid (Aldrich and Aldrich, 1968). Greater sampling of regenerative ability is needed within each of these groups, as well as in the mollusc lineages in which there are no data on regeneration, in order to obtain a clearer picture of the distribution of regenerative ability across this phylum.…”

“…Most studies describe only the outward appearance of regeneration. A recent study of octopus arm regeneration (Fossati et al, 2013) demonstrates that following wound healing, a thin layer of undifferentiated cells appears at the wound site. A mass of mesenchymal cells accumulates at the wound site, forming a blastema, and this mass is underlain by highly vascularized tissue.…”