Ocular bacterial infections and antibiotic resistance patterns in patients attending Gondar Teaching Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia

Belyhun, Yeshambel; Moges, Feleke; Endris, Mengistu; Asmare, Banchamlak; Amare, Bemnet; Mengistu, Daniel; Tesfaye, Solomon; Alemayehu, Martha; Biadgelegne, F.; Mulu, Andargachew; Assefa, Yared

doi:10.1186/s13104-018-3705-y

Cited by 30 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…The presence of external ocular infections were clinically assessed by ophthalmologist with thoroughly examination of all patients using a slit lamp microscope [ 8 ]. Conjunctival and eyelid swabs were collected using sterile cotton swab pre-moistened with sterile physiological saline [ 17 ]. Pus from lacrimal sac was collected using dry sterile cotton swab by applying pressure over the lacrimal sac and allowing the purulent material to reflux through the lacrimal punctum.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Common bacterial causes of external ocular infections, associated risk factors and antibiotic resistance among patients at ophthalmology unit of Felege Hiwot Referral Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study

Ayehubizu

Mulu

Biadglegne

2021

J Ophthal Inflamm Infect

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Background Ocular infections are a serious public health problem in Ethiopia with increased incidence of morbidity and blindness. Empirical therapy with topical ophthalmic broad spectrum antibiotic formulations is also a prevailing practice. The aim of this study was to determine the bacterial causes of external ocular infections (EOIs), antimicrobial resistance and its associated risk factors among patients at Felege Hiwot Referral Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. Methods A hospital based cross - sectional study was conducted from 1 February to 30 April 2019. Patients with EOIs were consecutively included from 1 February to 30 April, 2019. Data were collected using structured questionnaire by face-to-face interview and complemented with patient card review. Conjunctival, eyelid margin and lacrimal sac swabs were collected aseptically. Bacterial species were identified using standard bacteriological techniques. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done using Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Binary logistic regression analysis was calculated to identify the factors associated with EOIs. P.value (p) < < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results A total of 360 patients took part in the study and majority of them were males (64.7%). The median age of study participants was 59.5 years. Overall, 208(57.8%) (95%CI = 52.6– - 62.8%) of patients had culture confirmed bacterial EOIs. The proportion of culture confirmed EOIs was 60.4% among conjunctivitis cases and 55.8% among blepharitis. Ocular trauma (P < < 0.001), ocular disease (P < < 0.001) and having eye allergy (P = 0.027) were significantly associated with EOIs. The most frequent isolates were S. aureus (37%), K. pneumoniae (13.5%), Proteus(7.2%) spp., S. pneumoniae (4.3%), Citrobacter spp. (3.4%) and P. aeruginosa (2.9%). Gram positive isolates were resistant to penicillin in 87% and ampicillin in 86.2%. Gram negative isolates were resistant to ampicillin (87.5%). P.aeruginosa isolates (85.3%) were resistant to piperacillin and 50% were resistant to tobramycin. Overall, 45.2% of the isolates were multi-drug resistant. The percentage of multi-drug resistance was 80% among Enterobacter isolates and 64.3% among K. pneumoniae. Conclusions Bacterial external ocular infections linked with multi-drug resistance and resistance to penicillin, ampicillin, tetracycline and piperacillin are high. Therefore, empirical treatment of eye infections in the study area needs to be monitored by regular antimicrobial-susceptibility testing of isolates.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Common bacterial causes of external ocular infections, associated risk factors and antibiotic resistance among patients at ophthalmology unit of Felege Hiwot Referral Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study

Ayehubizu

Mulu

Biadglegne

2021

J Ophthal Inflamm Infect

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“…Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus is one of the most commonly isolated bacteria in the ocular infections. 19,20 Belyhun et al 21 reported that this bacterium was isolated in 29% of blepharitis. Teweldemedhin et al 22 described quite similar results in another study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility of bacteria isolated in patients affected with blepharitis in a tertiary eye centre in Spain

Paula¹,

Oliva

Barraquer

et al. 2019

European Journal of Ophthalmology

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Purpose: To describe which bacteria can be found on lid margins in patients affected with blepharitis, to show their antibiotic susceptibility pattern, and to evaluate the antibiotic resistance trend of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus through time. Materials and methods: Consecutive cases of 198 eyes affected with blepharitis between 2012 and 2018 were reviewed. A sample was collected by rubbing a swab against the base of the eyelashes of both the eyes of all patients. The samples were inoculated in blood agar and chocolate agar. The susceptibility of the identified bacteria to common antibiotics was tested. In addition, the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus detected from year 2016 to 2018 was compared with that of 4 years before. Results: The most common isolated bacterium was coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (89%) and Staphylococcus aureus (28%). Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus showed highest susceptibility to vancomycin (100%), neomycin (94%) and chloramphenicol (91%). Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus and Staphylococcus aureus were the most resistant to penicillin and erythromycin (resistance in 92%, 91% for coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, 86% and 43% of eyes for Staphylococcus aureus). Corynebacterium was resistant to oxacillin and erythromycin. Streptococcus viridans showed resistance to gentamycin and tobramycin. Moraxella was susceptible to most antibiotics. Bacillus was resistant to oxacillin. The antibiotic resistance trend of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus showed that the resistance to rifampicin increased through the years 2012–2018. Conclusion: Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus and Staphylococcus aureus were the most isolated bacteria in patients affected by blepharitis in our tertiary eye centre. Both bacteria were resistant to erythromycin. Through the years, it seems that coagulase-negative Staphylococcus gained resistance to penicillin, erythromycin, ciprofloxacin and rifampicin.

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“…Bacteria, viruses, parasites and fungi are capable of breaching the BRB and infecting retina. This may cause inflammation and ocular infections like conjunctivitis, endophthalmitis, and keratitis which are most commonly caused by bacteria and viruses (Singh et al 2017;Belyhun et al 2018).…”

Section: Sars Cov-2 and The Blood-retinal Barriermentioning

confidence: 99%

Central nervous system as a target of novel coronavirus infections: Potential routes of entry and pathogenic mechanisms

et al. 2021

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Since the COVID-19 pandemic started in December 2019, there have been several reports of patients succumbing to neurological complications. Early reports were suggestive of a possibility, while by early 2020 it was clearly evident that although SARS-CoV-2 primarily attacks the respiratory system, the brain is one of the most affected organs post-recovery. Although it may be premature to comment on the long-term effects of COVID-19 in brain, some reliable predictions can be made based on the data currently available. Further, exploring the CNS connections of SARS-CoV-2 is of keen interest for neuroscience researchers. As soon as the virus enters the nasal region, it is exposed to the olfactory nervous system which is interlinked with the visual system, and hence we explore the mechanism of entry of this virus into CNS, including brain, olfactory and retinal nervous systems. In this review, we have thoroughly reviewed reports about both SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 with respect to their ability to breach the blood-brain and blood-retinal barriers. We have compiled different neurological conditions resulting from COVID-19 and looked into viral infections related to COVID-19 to understand how the virus may gain control of the olfactory and visual systems. Once the dust settles on the pandemic, it would be interesting to explore the extent of viral infection in the CNS. The longterm effects of this virus in the CNS are not yet known, and several scientific research papers evolving in this field will throw light on the same.

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Ocular bacterial infections and antibiotic resistance patterns in patients attending Gondar Teaching Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia

Cited by 30 publications

References 19 publications

Common bacterial causes of external ocular infections, associated risk factors and antibiotic resistance among patients at ophthalmology unit of Felege Hiwot Referral Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study

Common bacterial causes of external ocular infections, associated risk factors and antibiotic resistance among patients at ophthalmology unit of Felege Hiwot Referral Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study

Prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility of bacteria isolated in patients affected with blepharitis in a tertiary eye centre in Spain

Central nervous system as a target of novel coronavirus infections: Potential routes of entry and pathogenic mechanisms

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