Ocular Component Data in Schoolchildren as a Function of Age and Gender

Zadnik, Karla; Manny, Ruth E.; Yu, Julie A.; Mitchell, G. Lynn; Cotter, Susan A.; Quiralte, J.; Shipp, Melvin D.; Friedman, Nina E.; Kleinstein, Robert N.; Walker, Terry W; Jones, Lisa; Moeschberger, Melvin L.; Mutti, Donald O.

doi:10.1097/00006324-200303000-00012

Cited by 212 publications

(200 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…The multi‐ethnic Collaborative Longitudinal Evaluation of Ethnicity and Refractive Error (CLEERE) study conducted in the US found a prevalence of 11.6% (≤−0.75 D in both meridians) in 10‐year‐old (Zadnik et al. 2003), and the Australian Sydney Myopia Study found a prevalence of 11.9% (≤−0.50 D) in 13‐year‐old (Ip et al. 2008).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To test for concordance of our results with other studies conducted in other geographic regions, we extracted data from 13 other population‐based and school‐based studies that were conducted in North America (Zadnik et al. 2003), Europe (Larsen 1971; Rudnicka et al. 2010; Li et al.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In contrast, AL increases during childhood and in the teenage years, leading to myopia if this growth in AL exceeds the eye's focal point (Zadnik et al. 2003). High myopia, which is defined as spherical equivalent (SE) of −6 D or worse, generally corresponds to AL ≥26 mm, which drastically increases the risk of severe complications later in life, including myopic maculopathy, retinal detachment and glaucoma (Curtin & Karlin 1971; Saw 2006; Tideman et al.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Axial length growth and the risk of developing myopia in European children

Tideman

Polling

Vingerling

et al. 2017

Acta Ophthalmologica

213

194

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PurposeTo generate percentile curves of axial length (AL) for European children, which can be used to estimate the risk of myopia in adulthood.MethodsA total of 12 386 participants from the population‐based studies Generation R (Dutch children measured at both 6 and 9 years of age; N = 6934), the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) (British children 15 years of age; N = 2495) and the Rotterdam Study III (RS‐III) (Dutch adults 57 years of age; N = 2957) contributed to this study. Axial length (AL) and corneal curvature data were available for all participants; objective cycloplegic refractive error was available only for the Dutch participants. We calculated a percentile score for each Dutch child at 6 and 9 years of age.ResultsMean (SD) AL was 22.36 (0.75) mm at 6 years, 23.10 (0.84) mm at 9 years, 23.41 (0.86) mm at 15 years and 23.67 (1.26) at adulthood. Axial length (AL) differences after the age of 15 occurred only in the upper 50%, with the highest difference within the 95th percentile and above. A total of 354 children showed accelerated axial growth and increased by more than 10 percentiles from age 6 to 9 years; 162 of these children (45.8%) were myopic at 9 years of age, compared to 4.8% (85/1781) for the children whose AL did not increase by more than 10 percentiles.ConclusionThis study provides normative values for AL that can be used to monitor eye growth in European children. These results can help clinicians detect excessive eye growth at an early age, thereby facilitating decision‐making with respect to interventions for preventing and/or controlling myopia.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Axial length growth and the risk of developing myopia in European children

Tideman

Polling

Vingerling

et al. 2017

Acta Ophthalmologica

213

194

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“…The global pattern indicates that by age 12-15, the prevalence of the condition has fallen off substantially to low levels. [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] Although moderate-to-high hyperopia may coexist with strabismus 5 and associated with the risk of developing amblyopia 5 or angle closure glaucoma in later life, it appears that, given the relatively low prevalence of the condition, there is a paucity of information relating to the condition and its risk factors, and thus strategies to modify and control hyperopia have been limited. There exist claims in the patent literature for modifying or preventing hyperopia with, for example, use of filters, dual focus or diffractive lenses, use of TGF-b activation inhibitor, administration of GABA receptor agonists or antagonists, and by limiting the amount of spherical aberration of the eye to less than þ 0.50 D; however, there have been no reports or data from human clinical studies that have considered these strategies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Practical applications to modify and control the development of ametropia

Sankaridurg¹,

Holden²

2013

Eye

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For many individuals, the developmental trend of lessening hyperopia from birth continues past emmetropia towards myopia during childhood. The global pattern for prevalence of refractive errors indicates that the prevalence of hyperopia is low; in contrast, the burden of myopia is on the rise because of rising prevalence and magnitude of myopia. This review highlights the need to lessen the global burden of myopia by intervening with the development and/or slowing the progression of myopia. Further, outcomes from human clinical trials of pharmaceutical, optical, and environmental approaches to control myopia will be summarised. Pharmaceutical treatments are effective in controlling eye growth but are associated with deleterious side effects. Optical strategies that induce myopic defocus at the retina such as peripheral defocus reducing lenses, simultaneous defocus lenses, bifocals, and orthokeratology as well as environmental influences such as increased outdoor activity show promise and provide a substantially risk-free environment in which to control eye growth.

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“…The progressing myopes (defined as 0.25 D progression over the past 2 years) examined in this study exhibited significantly higher amplitude of daily axial length variations and substantially more eye growth over the study period compared to emmetropes, however, it is well known that children exhibit faster rates of eye growth compared to young adults (Zadnik et al, 2003). However, examining the diurnal axial length measurements from ~9 am to ~ 9 pm would not have been logistically possible in a population of young children.…”

Section: Limitations and Future Research Directionsmentioning

confidence: 76%

The Influence of Light Exposure and Seasonal Changes on Short-Term and Longer-Term Changes in Axial Length of the Human Eye

Ulaganathan¹

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It is widely accepted that environmental factors play a significant role in regulating eye growth and myopia development. There is also considerable evidence that ambient light exposure is an important environmental risk factor associated with eye growth in children, however, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Furthermore, animal studies have shown that diurnal variations in ocular components appear to be involved in the mechanisms controlling eye growth. Animal studies also suggest that altering light exposure disrupts normal diurnal variations and can lead to the development of refractive errors. Despite this evidence, the exact role of light exposure and ocular diurnal rhythms in the regulation of human eye growth, and the interaction between these factors is not well understood. Myopia development and progression have been widely documented in young adults and typically occurs due to axial elongation, but there has been limited research examining the potential impact of ambient light exposure upon eye growth and myopia development and progression in young adults.Therefore, this research examined the habitual light exposure patterns in a population of young adult emmetropes and progressing myopes using objective techniques, and assessed the influence of light exposure upon daily axial length variations and longitudinal axial eye growth in this population. The potential association between daily axial length fluctuations and longer-term changes in axial length was also explored.Since there is no consensus on the optimal sampling strategy required for capturing personal objective light exposure measurements, in the first study, we systematically examined the impact of different measurement durations and measurement frequencies upon objective light exposure measures, in order to determine the optimal sampling strategy to reliably capture habitual light exposure patterns of both children (Age: 11 to vi The influence of light exposure and seasons upon the axial length changes in humans 15 years) and young adults (Age: 18 to 30 years). Ambient light exposure data were obtained using a wrist-worn light sensor (Actiwatch 2), which was configured to measure instantaneous light levels every 30 seconds, 24 hours a day for a period of 14 consecutive days in children (n = 30) and young adults (n = 31). Daily time exposed to bright outdoor (>1000 lux) light levels was derived from the raw 14 days of data with 30 second sampling, and was subsequently derived from data re-sampled from 12, 10, 8, 6, 4 and 2 randomly selected measurement days using 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 10 minute sampling rates. Calculating daily outdoor light exposure time using a lower number of days and coarser sampling frequencies did not significantly alter the mean time spent in bright (outdoor) light. However, a significant increase in measurement variability occurred for outdoor light exposure derived from less than 8 days and from 3 minutes or coarser measurement frequencies in adults, and from less than 8 days and from 4 minutes or coarser...

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Ocular Component Data in Schoolchildren as a Function of Age and Gender

Abstract: These cross-sectional data show a general pattern of ocular growth, no change in corneal power, and crystalline lens thinning and flattening between the ages of 6 and 14 years. Girls tended to have steeper corneas, stronger crystalline lenses, and shorter eyes compared with boys.

Cited by 212 publications

References 19 publications

Axial length growth and the risk of developing myopia in European children

Axial length growth and the risk of developing myopia in European children

Practical applications to modify and control the development of ametropia

The Influence of Light Exposure and Seasonal Changes on Short-Term and Longer-Term Changes in Axial Length of the Human Eye

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