Ocular COVID-19: Eyes as a Reservoir to Conceal and Spread SARSCoV- 2

Baig, Abdul Mannan; Ahmad, Saara; Khaleeq, Areeba; Rajput, Shafiqa; Angez, Meher; Hameed, Ayesha Nasir; Nawaz, Talha; Katyara, Preet

doi:10.2174/1871526520999200729182242

Cited by 6 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Among diverse reasons for incomplete clearance of SARS‐CoV‐2 from the human body by the immune system after 2–3 weeks of the COVID‐19 infection is the possible ability of the virus to reside at immunologically privileged sites, from where its arrival into the circulation can lead to a protracted course of illness leading to long‐COVID. The eyes, lacrimal sac, 8 testes, and placenta are few examples where SARS‐CoV‐2 can conceal itself, but why this is not the case with patient's not exhibiting long‐COVID remains to be resolved.…”

Section: Persistence Of Viral Loads At Immunologically Privileged Sitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chronic long‐COVID syndrome: A protracted COVID‐19 illness with neurological dysfunctions

Baig

2021

CNS Neurosci Ther

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Long-COVID syndrome is a complex chronic clinical manifestation of signs and symptoms in patients who have experienced the SARS-CoV-2 infection without complete recovery from the COVID-19.A growing fraction of the COVID-19 patients are emerging with continuing effects of the disease, with complaints like mental fog, delayed latent periods in recalling events of the recent past, tachycardia, and extreme fatigue. 1 In the case where Long-COVID syndrome is not observed after SARS-CoV-2 infections, patients have been reported to turn asymptomatic before or within 8-12 weeks after COVID-19. There have been attempts to draw a timeline for Long-COVID and clinical findings persisting beyond 3 weeks after the acute short phase was recommended to be considered for Long-COVID syndrome 2 though cases are appearing even 3 months after the acute phase of COVID-19. | NEUROLOG IC AL DYS FUN C TIONS IN LONG -COVIDInfections caused by SARS-CoV-2 have not only resulted in a gigantic number of morbidities and mortalities worldwide in COVID-19, but its ability to cause a protracted illness in form of long-COVID is now becoming increasingly evident. 2 The syndromic manifestation in long-COVID has shown to become chronic and the affected individuals are seen to be predominately exhibiting neurological deficits which are worrying. The most daunting task in long-COVID is to understand the mechanisms underlying mechanism in general and the pathogenesis of neurological signs and symptoms in particular. Debated here are local routes and systemic mechanisms by which SARS-CoV-2 can involve the nervous system to evoke a low-grade smoldering neuronal injury that possibly contributes to the neurological deficits reported. A better understanding of the route and pathways of the SARS-CoV-2 in the causation of the neurological deficits is expected to develop targeted

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Section: Persistence Of Viral Loads At Immunologically Privileged Sitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chronic long‐COVID syndrome: A protracted COVID‐19 illness with neurological dysfunctions

Baig

2021

CNS Neurosci Ther

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“…1 SARS-CoV-2 interacts with the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) expressed by the nasal epithelia for entry and infect neighbouring epithelial cells, 2, 3 while conjunctival goblet cell is suggested to be an alternative portal of entry. 4, 5 Therefore, examining the mucosal antibody of COVID-19 patients will allow a more thorough discernment of the viral-host interaction and the underlying immunopathology. Although mucosal immunity plays a major role in SARS-CoV-2 infection, most studies have focused on systemic immunity.…”

Section: Mainmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mucosal antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 in paediatric and adult patients: a longitudinal study

Chan

Lui

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Conjunctival and nasal mucosal antibody responses in thirty-four paediatric and forty-seven adult COVID-19 patients were measured. The mucosal antibody was IgA dominant. In the nasal epithelial lining fluid (NELF) of asymptomatic paediatric patients, SARS-CoV-2 spike protein 1 (S1) specific immunoglobulin A (IgA) was induced early. Their plasma S1-specific IgG levels were higher than symptomatic patients. More adult with mild disease had NELF S1-specific IgA than those with severe/critical illness. Within the first week of diagnosis, higher S1-specific antibodies in NELF and plasma and lower vial loads were detected in paediatric than adult patients with mild disease. The IgA and IgG levels correlated positively with the surrogate neutralization readout. The detectable NELF neutralizing S1-specific IgA in the first week after diagnosis correlated with a rapid decline in viral load. This study highlights the effect of nasal IgA in limiting the SARS-CoV-2 replication and provides complementary information to the serum antibody measurements.

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“…The potential ocular presence of the SARS-CoV-2 in the eye of a patient can target ACE 2 receptors in the endothelium of the conjunctival vessels and use the lacrimal sac a potential space to evade immune detection and clinical isolation. The recently reported case of COVID-19 after the acquisition of SARS-CoV-2 from a COVID-19 patient should alert the healthcare professionals dealing with COIVD-19 patients as wearing masks alone cannot guarantee protection against infection transmission [11]. Earlier we have shown the estrogen receptors in the human eye tissues [12], though the mechanism is not very clear but estrogen and other sex steroid protects the host from the infection of the virus [13], there is a possibility why SARS-CoV2 infect to a lesser extent female [14].…”

Section: Ocular Manifestationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additionally, the eye and its tear drainage apparatus can track the SARS-CoV-2 from the eye into the respiratory tract of the patient. The potential ocular presence of the SARS-CoV-2 in the eye of a patient can target ACE 2 receptors in the endothelium of the conjunctival vessels and use the lacrimal sac [Figure 1] a potential space to evade immune detection and clinical isolation [11]. On analysis conjunctival swabs the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in ocular samples highlights the role of the eye as a possible route of transmission of the disease [12][13][14][15][16] Figure1: The "Red eye" and Tearing Eye.…”

Section: Eyes May Play a Role In Spreadmentioning

confidence: 99%