Ocular defects in children and adolescents with severe mental deficiency

Kwok, Sek Keung; Ho, P. C. P.; Chan, Andrew K.; Gandhi, Sonal; Urn, D. S. C.

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2788.1996.tb00638.x

Cited by 33 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Levy [1984] found higher percentages of hyperopia/astigmatism than myopia/astigmatism among Canadian adults with ID (23 and 13%, respectively). In contrast to most Western studies indicating that hyperopia is more prevalent than myopia among individuals with ID, Kwok et al [1996] found myopic and hypermetropic astigmatisms to be equally prevalent in Hong Kong.…”

contrasting

confidence: 46%

“…International research on specific subpopulations of those with ID, however, has found slightly lower prevalence estimates of those with refractive errors. For example, a Swedish study of institutionalized individuals with ID reported that 23% had a considerable refractive error in the best eye, and a Hong Kong study found 24% of individuals with profound ID [intelligence quotient (IQ) Ͻ 25] had refractive errors [Jacobson, 1988;Kwok et al, 1996].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Vision and oral health needs of individuals with intellectual disability

Owens

Kerker

Zigler

et al. 2006

Ment. Retard. Dev. Disabil. Res. Rev.

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Over the past 20 years, there has been an increased emphasis on health promotion, including prevention activities related to vision and oral health, for the general population, but not for individuals with intellectual disability (ID). This review explores what is known about the prevalence of vision problems and oral health conditions among individuals with ID, presents a rationale for the increased prevalence of these conditions in the context of service utilization, and examines the limitations of the available research. Available data reveal a wide range of prevalence estimates for vision problems and oral health conditions, but all suggest that these conditions are more prevalent among individuals with ID compared with the general population, and disparities exist in the receipt of preventive and early treatment for these conditions for individuals with ID. Recommendations for health improvement in these areas include better health planning and monitoring through standardized population-based data collection and reporting and increased emphasis on health promotion activities and early treatment in the healthcare system.

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contrasting

confidence: 46%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Vision and oral health needs of individuals with intellectual disability

Owens

Kerker

Zigler

et al. 2006

Ment. Retard. Dev. Disabil. Res. Rev.

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“…Refractive errors (24%), strabismus (8%), and a number of organic ocular diseases (8%) were also detected in one of these reports. 118 Supporting these findings is a class IV retrospective review that estimated the frequency of primary visual sensory impairment in children with global developmental delay to range between 20% and 50%. 114 There also appears to be an increased prevalence of additional visual developmental disability among individuals with syndromes featuring significant sensory impairment.…”

Section: Are Vision and Hearing Disorders Common In Children With Glomentioning

confidence: 72%

“…120 In one class III study of 260 children with severe global developmental delay in whom vision and audiologic screening were performed, 18% of children were found to be deaf. 118 Another class III study involving 96 children with global developmental delay and clinically suspected hearing loss found that 91% had hearing loss as detected by behavioral audiometry or brainstem auditory evoked response testing. 121 The feasibility of utilizing transient evoked otoacoustic emissions, compared to standard audiometry, to screen for hearing impairment in children has been demonstrated (class II study).…”

Section: Are Vision and Hearing Disorders Common In Children With Glomentioning

confidence: 99%

Practice parameter: Evaluation of the child with global developmental delay [RETIRED]

et al. 2003

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Abstract-Objective:To make evidence-based recommendations concerning the evaluation of the child with a nonprogressive global developmental delay. Methods: Relevant literature was reviewed, abstracted, and classified. Recommendations were based on a four-tiered scheme of evidence classification. Results: Global developmental delay is common and affects 1% to 3% of children. Given yields of about 1%, routine metabolic screening is not indicated in the initial evaluation of a child with global developmental delay. Because of the higher yield (3.5% to 10%), even in the absence of dysmorphic features or features suggestive of a specific syndrome, routine cytogenetic studies and molecular testing for the fragile X mutation are recommended. The diagnosis of Rett syndrome should be considered in girls with unexplained moderate to severe developmental delay. Additional genetic studies (e.g., subtelomeric chromosomal rearrangements) may also be considered in selected children. Evaluation of serum lead levels should be restricted to those children with identifiable risk factors for excessive lead exposure. Thyroid studies need not be undertaken (unless clinically indicated) if the child underwent newborn screening. An EEG is not recommended as part of the initial evaluation unless there are historical features suggestive of epilepsy or a specific epileptic syndrome. Routine neuroimaging, with MRI preferred to CT, is recommended particularly if abnormalities are found on physical examination. Because of the increased incidence of visual and auditory impairments, children with global developmental delay may undergo appropriate visual and audiometric assessment at the time of diagnosis. Conclusions: A specific etiology can be determined in the majority of children with global developmental delay. Certain routine screening tests are indicated and depending on history and examination findings, additional specific testing may be performed.

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“…Correction of refractive errors has been found to bring significant improvement even in motor behaviours. 32 In a prospective study of the prevalence of vision disorders, other than refractive anomalies, the most prevalent conditions in the clinical paediatric population are binocular and accommodative disorders. 33 At initial assessment, binocular vision was reduced and absent in 9.7 and 4.2%, respectively, similar to previously reported.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ophthalmological screening of a paediatric cochlear implant population: a retrospective analysis and 12-year follow-up

Falzon

Guérin

Fulcher

et al. 2009

Eye

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Aims To determine the nature and prevalence of ophthalmological findings for a cohort of children in a paediatric cochlear implant program and to assist the clinician in devising an investigative plan for this population. Methods Retrospective medical record review of children who underwent multichannel cochlear implantation at a tertiary care hospital between February 1996 and July 2008. Results In all, 141 children (mean age 28 months, range 16 months to 9 years) had complete medical record documentation consisting of orthoptic and opthalmological examination, including cycloplegic refraction.

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Ocular defects in children and adolescents with severe mental deficiency

Cited by 33 publications

References 14 publications

Vision and oral health needs of individuals with intellectual disability

Vision and oral health needs of individuals with intellectual disability

Practice parameter: Evaluation of the child with global developmental delay [RETIRED]

Ophthalmological screening of a paediatric cochlear implant population: a retrospective analysis and 12-year follow-up

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