Ocular findings in Japanese patients with hydroxychloroquine retinopathy developing within 3 years of treatment

Hydroxychloroquine treatment on SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2, TMPRSS2 and NRP1 expression in human primary pterygium and conjunctival cells

“…3 ), which is coherent to the results from other studies ( Yang et al, 2020 ). Besides, application of hydroxychloroquine could have potential to induce hydroxychloroquine retinopathy ( Ozawa et al, 2021 ; Yusuf et al, 2017 ). Whether hydroxychloroquine would be suitable for COVID-19 treatment is still controversial ( Bakadia et al, 2021 ; Guastalegname and Vallone, 2020 ).…”

“…Accordingly, hydroxychloroquine has been applied in COVID-19 treatment due to its potential blocking the ACE2 signaling ( Braz et al, 2020 ; Wang et al, 2020b ). However, hydroxychloroquine possesses side effects and induce retinopathy ( Ozawa et al, 2021 ). Whether hydroxychloroquine would be useful to alter SARS-CoV-2 receptor expression in ocular surface cells remains elusive.…”

Hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of cutaneous lupus erythematosus

“…Retinal degeneration is the most notable side effect of HCQ. Petri M et al states that it is important to monitor the blood concentration of HCQ [29] , but since the onset of retinopathy of HCQ involves multiple factors including genetic background such as race, and the significance of blood concentration, it will be investigated in the future [30,31,32] .…”

“…Regarding HCQ, the algorithms suitable for Japanese or Asian people was proposed who still have some restrictions on drugs to be administered [6,33] , but there are many important issues to be clarified such as the selection of the type of skin lesions for which HCQ is effective or not [2,34,35] , effects of combination therapy [36,37] and more sensitive and early diagnostic methods for retinal degeneration [29,30,31,32] .…”

Decrease in Visual Acuity in a 77-Year-old Woman with Age-Related Macular Degeneration after a SARS-CoV-2 Infection Treated with Hydroxychloroquine

“…Among common side effects, HCQ can cause gastrointestinal discomfort, headache, and dizziness, but also more severe side effects such as cardiotoxicity and ocular toxicity 1 , 3 , 6 . Regarding ocular toxicity, manifestations can be corneal deposits, ciliary body dysfunction, posterior subcapsular lens opacity, and retinopathy 10 , 11 . Symptoms of an HCQ retinopathy can include blurred vision, loss of night vision, and partial central or peripheral loss of vision 10 .…”