Ocular injuries caused by airsoft guns: Ten-year experience

Jovanović, Miloš; Bobic-Radovanovic, Anica; Vuković, Dragan; Knežević, Miloš; Risovic, Dusica

doi:10.2298/aci1203073j

Cited by 10 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…99 We, however, did not notice any obvious corneal edema, which typically accompanies blunt ocular trauma. 40,99 Another possibility is that the small number of retinal ganglion cells that reportedly project to the contralateral retina 100 act to propagate an inflammatory response from the left retina to the right retina.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 60%

A Novel Closed-Head Model of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Using Focal Primary Overpressure Blast to the Cranium in Mice

Guley

Rogers

Mar

et al. 2016

Journal of Neurotrauma

104

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Mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) from focal head impact is the most common form of TBI in humans. Animal models, however, typically use direct impact to the exposed dura or skull, or blast to the entire head. We present a detailed characterization of a novel overpressure blast system to create focal closed-head mild TBI in mice. A high-pressure air pulse limited to a 7.5 mm diameter area on the left side of the head overlying the forebrain is delivered to anesthetized mice. The mouse eyes and ears are shielded, and its head and body are cushioned to minimize movement. This approach creates mild TBI by a pressure wave that acts on the brain, with minimal accompanying head acceleration-deceleration. A single 20-psi blast yields no functional deficits or brain injury, while a single 25-40 psi blast yields only slight motor deficits and brain damage. By contrast, a single 50-60 psi blast produces significant visual, motor, and neuropsychiatric impairments and axonal damage and microglial activation in major fiber tracts, but no contusive brain injury. This model thus reproduces the widespread axonal injury and functional impairments characteristic of closed-head mild TBI, without the complications of systemic or ocular blast effects or head acceleration that typically occur in other blast or impact models of closed-skull mild TBI. Accordingly, our model provides a simple way to examine the biomechanics, pathophysiology, and functional deficits that result from TBI and can serve as a reliable platform for testing therapies that reduce brain pathology and deficits.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 60%

A Novel Closed-Head Model of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Using Focal Primary Overpressure Blast to the Cranium in Mice

Guley

Rogers

Mar

et al. 2016

Journal of Neurotrauma

104

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“…This is a similar sport to paintball but using realistic replica weapons. The pattern of injury occurrence is similar and again, children are particularly at risk …”

Section: Paintballmentioning

confidence: 76%

Sports eyewear protective standards

Dain

2016

Clinical and Experimental Optometry

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Eye injuries sustained during sport comprise up to 20 per cent of all injuries to the eye serious enough for medical attention to be sought. The prevalence of eye injuries in sport is not easily assessed due to lack of authoritative participation rates, so most studies report total numbers in a time period. The evidence on the proportion of all ocular injuries that are from sport is reviewed. The relative frequencies in different sports are compared in a qualitative manner and the sports with greater numbers of ocular injuries are detailed. In common with occupational injuries to the eye, most sports eye injuries are considered preventable.The hierarchy of action for occupational risk is detailed and adapted to use in a sports scenario. All the available international, regional and national standards on sports eye protection are detailed and their provisions compared. The major function of the standards is to provide adequate protection against the hazard of the sport concerned. These are detailed and compared as a function of energy transfer. Eye protection must not introduce additional or secondary hazards (for instance, fracturing into sharp fragments on impact) and not introduce features that would deter the wearing of eye protection (for instance, restricting field of view to impede playing the sport). The provisions of the standards intended to limit secondary hazards are detailed and compared.The need for future work in standards writing and the activities of the International Standardization Organization in sports eye protection are detailed.

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“…Displacement of the head rightwards by the blast may have pushed the right eye into the foam [ 15 ], thereby producing ocular trauma, which has been shown to yield retinal edema in humans in many cases of mild closed-globe trauma [ 60 ]. We, however, did not notice any obvious corneal edema, which typically accompanies blunt ocular trauma in humans and mouse models [ 60 , 61 ]. This does not, however, preclude the possibility of retinal edema in the right eyes of our mice.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Motor, Visual and Emotional Deficits in Mice after Closed-Head Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Are Alleviated by the Novel CB2 Inverse Agonist SMM-189

Reiner

Heldt

Presley

et al. 2014

IJMS

119

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We have developed a focal blast model of closed-head mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) in mice. As true for individuals that have experienced mild TBI, mice subjected to 50–60 psi blast show motor, visual and emotional deficits, diffuse axonal injury and microglial activation, but no overt neuron loss. Because microglial activation can worsen brain damage after a concussive event and because microglia can be modulated by their cannabinoid type 2 receptors (CB2), we evaluated the effectiveness of the novel CB2 receptor inverse agonist SMM-189 in altering microglial activation and mitigating deficits after mild TBI. In vitro analysis indicated that SMM-189 converted human microglia from the pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype to the pro-healing M2 phenotype. Studies in mice showed that daily administration of SMM-189 for two weeks beginning shortly after blast greatly reduced the motor, visual, and emotional deficits otherwise evident after 50–60 psi blasts, and prevented brain injury that may contribute to these deficits. Our results suggest that treatment with the CB2 inverse agonist SMM-189 after a mild TBI event can reduce its adverse consequences by beneficially modulating microglial activation. These findings recommend further evaluation of CB2 inverse agonists as a novel therapeutic approach for treating mild TBI.

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Ocular injuries caused by airsoft guns: Ten-year experience

Cited by 10 publications

References 8 publications

A Novel Closed-Head Model of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Using Focal Primary Overpressure Blast to the Cranium in Mice

A Novel Closed-Head Model of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Using Focal Primary Overpressure Blast to the Cranium in Mice

Sports eyewear protective standards

Motor, Visual and Emotional Deficits in Mice after Closed-Head Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Are Alleviated by the Novel CB2 Inverse Agonist SMM-189

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