Ocular neuropathy in peripheral neuropathies

Abstract

Ocular movements and coordination require complex and integrated functions of somatic and autonomic nervous systems. Neurological disorders affecting these nervous systems may cause ocular dysfunction involving extraocular muscles and pupils. In this article, the prevalence, clinical presentations, and management of ocular neuropathy related to certain peripheral neuropathies, including diabetic neuropathy, Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), chronic inflammatory neuropathies, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated neuropathy, and hereditary neuropathies, are examined in detail.

Retrospective analysis of ocular neuropathies in diabetic dogs following cataract surgery

“…Established ocular manifestations of canine DM include cataracts, corneal endothelial cell loss, endothelial cell pleomorphism and polymegathism, decreased corneal sensitivity, increased susceptibility to keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS), and to a lesser extent, retinopathy due to microaneurysms . In addition, DM has been associated with neuropathies in both dogs and humans …”

“…Almost half of the human patients that previously were believed to have idiopathic neuropathies are now known to have prediabetic neuropathies . Other neuropathies described in human diabetic patients are less common including optic neuritis, oculomotor neuropathy, abducens nerve palsy, trochlear nerve palsy, pupillary dysfunction, and facial nerve palsy . The incidence of diabetic cranial nerve palsies in humans is 1% .…”

“…[4][5][6][7][8][9] In addition, DM has been associated with neuropathies in both dogs and humans. 5,[10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19] The term diabetic neuropathy or diabetic polyneuropathy is used synonymously for peripheral bilaterally symmetric damage to the sensory nerves of the feet and limbs in humans; however, with chronicity and severity, this form of neuropathy also progresses to motor nerve dysfunction. 10 The most common causes of diabetic neuropathy in people include type 2 DM and prediabetes, but type 1 DM patients are also at risk.…”

“…14 Other neuropathies described in human diabetic patients are less common including optic neuritis, oculomotor neuropathy, abducens nerve palsy, trochlear nerve palsy, pupillary dysfunction, and facial nerve palsy. 15,20 The incidence of diabetic cranial nerve palsies in humans is 1%. 15 Additionally, 58% of human diabetic patients in one study had both sympathetic and parasympathetic ocular dysfunction as a manifestation of systemic diabetic autonomic neuropathy.…”

“…15,20 The incidence of diabetic cranial nerve palsies in humans is 1%. 15 Additionally, 58% of human diabetic patients in one study had both sympathetic and parasympathetic ocular dysfunction as a manifestation of systemic diabetic autonomic neuropathy. 21 For the remainder of this report, neuropathies that affect the eye, namely cranial nerve palsies and autonomic neuropathies, are referred together as ocular neuropathies.…”