Oculogyric dystonic states in early-onset parkinsonism with basal ganglia calcifications

Abstract

Abstract-Cerebrovascular disease occurs in HIV-positive individuals, but no relationship between the two has been established. The authors reviewed a cohort of patients aged 15 to 44 years to evaluate stroke in HIV-positive and negative subjects. Patients who were HIV-positive with no other identifiable etiology were compared to age-and race-matched HIV-negative patients. HIVpositive and HIV-negative groups did not differ in angiographic, cardiac, or serologic tests. A positive HIV test does not provide causal information or diagnosis. NEUROLOGY 2005;65:759-761

Oculogyric crises: A review of phenomenology, etiology, pathogenesis, and treatment

“…In many of these case reports, the OGC were either not well described or had uncharacteristic features (e.g., forward fixation of the eyes for the vascular parkinsonism case, remittance with AED in the case of the midbrain lesion). Other ocular movement disorders described in single‐case reports in the literature include “oculogyric dystonic states” in a patient with parkinsonism and basal ganglia calcifications, “involuntary ocular deviations” in a patient with multiple sclerosis, and “extra‐ocular muscle dystonia” in a patient with hepatocerebral degeneration …”

Oculogyric crises: Etiology, pathophysiology and therapeutic approaches

“…Oculogyric crises have also been described during off-periods of L-dopa treatment in two parkinsonian patients, which improved with increasing the dopaminergic medication [57,58].…”

“…Treatment of OGCs with L-dopa may also be successful in patients with parkinsonism including idiopathic Parkinson's disease with OGCs related to wearing off [57,58]; but also in other conditions such as Kufor Rakeb disease [76], NIID [78] and PKANassociated neurodegeneration [81]. Of note, administraton of L-dopa has been reported to elicit OGCs in patients with parkinsonism as peak-dose phenomenon and hence some caution is advised [47].…”

Extraocular muscle dystonia due to acquired (non‐Wilsonian) hepatocerebral degeneration

“…Briefly sustained ocular deviations are also a common form of dystonic tic in patients with Tourette's syndrome, but other causes of dystonic ocular deviation—brief or sustained—are rare. These disorders include basal ganglia stroke,23 hemorrhage,24 calcification,25 and demyelination26; third‐ventricular glioma (causing a positional variant)27; infections including herpes virus,28 Japanese encephalitis29 and syphilis30; disorders of neurotransmitter metabolism such as guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase I deficiency,31 tyrosine hydroxylase deficiency32 Sepiapterin reductase deficiency33 and aromatic L ‐amino acid decarboxylase deficiency34; rapid‐onset dystonia‐parkinsonism35; Rett syndrome36; Chediak–Higashi syndrome37; ataxia‐telangiectasia38; Wilson's disease39; neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation40; paraneoplasia associated with anti‐Ta antineuronal antibodies41; tardive dystonia42, 43 and levodopa‐induced dyskinesias in Parkinson's disease 44. Paroxysms of tonic upgaze may also occur as a self‐limited disorder of childhood, associated with ataxia or cognitive impairment in half of patients.…”