Oculometric features of hyperopia in children with accommodative refractive esotropia

Abstract

ABSTRACT.Purpose: To determine the nature of hyperopia in children with accommodative refractive esotropia (ARE) by evaluating the relationships between corneal radius (CR), axial length (AL), age and equivalent spherical refraction (SEQ). Methods: A total of 112 children with ARE were included in the study. The children underwent an overall ophthalmic examination including cycloplegic refraction, keratometry and ultrasonic AL measurement. Results: Statistical analysis revealed a strong relationship between AL and SEQ (p < 0.001). A significant correlation was also found between AL and CR (p < 0.001). The relationship between AL and age was weak but statistically significant (p ¼ 0.02). Multiple regression analysis, using SEQ as the dependent variable and CR, AL and age as independent variables, revealed that AL accounts for 43.5% of the variance, and the combination of CR and AL accounts for 60.9% of the variance. Conclusion: Hyperopia is predominantly axial in nature in children with ARE. However, other refractive components are also involved in producing hyperopic refractive errors.

The relationships among cycloplegic refraction, keratometry, and axial length in children with refractive accommodative esotropia

“…10,11 Attempts to estimate axial length in phakic adults also have not utilized the correlation between cycloplegic refraction and axial length/corneal radius ratio and also have had limited accuracy. 14,15 The ratio of axial length to corneal radius seems to maintain a strong inverse correlation to cycloplegic refraction in otherwise normal eyes, with myopia up to À14 D and hyperopia up to 110 D. [4][5][6][7][8][9] However, when hyperopia exceeds approximately 110 D, the correlation no longer holds. 7 All patients in this study had hyperopia \ 18.25 D (as do most patients with refractive accommodative esotropia).…”

“…3 In phakic eyes, however, there exists a negative correlation between refraction and the ratio of axial length to the corneal radius; in fact, this ratio is the single strongest correlate to cycloplegic refraction. [4][5][6][7][8][9] The use of this correlation could potentially allow estimation of axial length from refraction and keratometry alone without knowledge of crystalline lens power. To the best of my knowledge, this has not been previously described.…”

Oculometric parameters of hyperopia in children with esotropic amblyopia

“…These findings suggest that axial length has a predominant role in determining hyperopia in amblyopic eyes, similarly to non‐amblyopic hyperopic eyes. Previous studies in non‐amblyopic eyes have found that hyperopia is predominantly axial in nature 49,50 …”

Clinical evaluation of cessation of hyperopia in 123 children with accommodative esotropia treated with glasses for best corrected vision

“…Other authors have found AE to persist into adolescence and early adulthood (Repka et al 1989). This may be because hyperopia is predominantly axial in nature in children with AE (Uretmen et al 2003). According to Lambert et al (2003), the discontinuing of hyperopic glasses was initiated at a mean age of 8.0 ± 1.1 years.…”