Odor characterization of post-consumer and recycled automotive polypropylene by different sensory evaluation methods and instrumental analysis

Prado, Karen S.; Strangl, Miriam; Pereira, S.; Tiboni, Adelchi R.; Ortner, Eva; Spinacé, Márcia A. S.; Buettner, Andrea

doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2020.07.021

Cited by 24 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…Regarding the substances identified in the present study, the group of saturated and unsaturated aldehydes as well as the group of unsaturated ketones was most dominant in the GC‐O analysis, and gave a detection with high OD factors for all compounds. This group of carbonyls has already been frequently reported in the literature and was proposed to result from oxidation of saturated polyolefins such as polypropylene and polyethylene as well as from autoxidation of fatty acids or their derivatives used as additives 9,22,27 27 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

“…However, both impressions are known to be commonly constituted of complex odorant mixtures 20,21 . It is generally a common phenomenon in smell research that complex mixtures of odorants can evoke odor impressions that are not represented by their single constituents 22 . Synergistic and additive effects can thereby strongly modulate the overall smell impression of a complex mixture of odorants 23,24 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other benzene derivatives may be degradation products or have been added as additives; 1,3‐benzothiazole, for example, is a degradation product of 2‐(morpholinothio) benzothiazole which is used as a vulcanization accelerator in the production of rubber 31 . Furthermore, 1,3‐benzothiazole was found as odorant in automotive polypropylene and leather 11,22 . 5‐Ethylidene‐2‐norbornene, in turn, is applied as a monomer for the production of ethylene propylene diene rubber, which is used in seals of doors and windows due to its resistance to heat and weathering 32 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This group of carbonyls has already been frequently reported in the literature and was proposed to result from oxidation of saturated polyolefins such as polypropylene and polyethylene as well as from autoxidation of fatty acids or their derivatives used as additives. 9,22,27 The odorants hex-1-en-3-one and (E)-non-2-enal were previously identified in an automotive thermoplastic polyolefin. 27 Hex-1-en-3-one and oct-1-en-3-one were furthermore detected in a polyvinylchloride-based artificial leather and in polypropylene.…”

Section: Formation Pathways and Possible Sources Of Odorantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other compounds could also be identified, such as 5-ethylidene-2-norbornene (5), 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline(11), and oct-1-en-3-ol(15). Among the most potent odorants, the unsaturated aldehydes 2-butylhept-2-enal (21), 2-propyloct-2-enal(22), and (Z)-2-butyloct-2-enal(24) are reported here for the first time as odorants in passenger cabins or in materials such as (recycled) plastics which could be assembled in the vehicle interior.The qualitative odorant comparison of the two vehicles with different upholstery materials reveals a high similarity since the vast majority of odorants was detected in both samples. However, the odorants 3-isobutyl-2-methoxypyrazine(19), p-chloro-m-cresol (39), and benzophenone (40) were solely perceived in vehicle 1 with leather upholstery.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Follow your nose ‐ Traveling the world of odorants in new cars

et al. 2022

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Volatile organic compounds of the vehicle interior are well investigated, but only limited information is available on the odorants of the passenger cabin. To close this gap, we aimed at specifically elucidating the odor, as a general proof of principle, of two new cars with different seat upholstery in a controlled environment using a targeted odorant analysis. In a first step, odor profiles were evaluated by a descriptive sensory analysis. Then, potent odorants of the passenger cabins were characterized by gas chromatography‐olfactometry and ranked according to their odor potency via odor extract dilution analysis. Using this approach, 41 potent odorants were detected, and 39 odorants were successfully identified by two‐dimensional gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry/olfactometry. In a third step, important odorants of the vehicle interior were quantified by means of internal standard addition. The most dominant odorants could be assigned to several specific substance classes comprising esters, saturated and unsaturated aldehydes, unsaturated ketones, rose ketones, phenolic and benzene derivatives, and pyrazines, occurring in a concentration range between 0.05 and 219 ng/L in air. Of these potent odorants, the aldehydes 2‐butylhept‐2‐enal, 2‐propyloct‐2‐enal, and (Z)‐2‐butyloct‐2‐enal are reported here for the first time as odorants in the environment of a passenger cabin.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Formation Pathways and Possible Sources Of Odorantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Follow your nose ‐ Traveling the world of odorants in new cars

et al. 2022

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New car odor: sensory and molecular characterization of odors and potential sources of smell in the vehicle interior

Gschwind,

Büttner

2023

Lebensmittelchemie

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The typical new car smell is very distinctive. Depending on vehicle brand and class, this characteristic odor differs in intensity and elicits either approval or rejection among vehicle purchasers. Up to now, only limited information has been available on the molecular composition of the new car odor. Vehicle manufacturers (OEMs) are mainly concerned with the analysis of toxic compounds and (odorless) main components of the gas phase of the vehicle interior. In addition, OEMs usually do not have an appropriate equipment to characterize odorants by instrumental analysis. Therefore, this work deals with the investigation of odors and potential sources of smell in the vehicle interior. In the first two chapters of this thesis, odor‐active compounds of an aqueous cavity preservation were analyzed by means of solvent extraction, gas chromatography‐olfactometry (GC‐O) and odor extract dilution analysis (OEDA). Odorants of the investigated corrosion inhibitor could enter the vehicle interior via air bridges between the vehicle body and the passenger cabin and could have a considerable influence on the odor. Identification of the potent odors by twodimensional gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry coupled with olfactometry (2D‐GC‐ MS/O) revealed a series of carboxylic acids and lactones as the main odor contributors of the cavity preservation. The hardening of the cavity preservation affected a change of the odor profile due to the evaporation of odor‐potent lactones which was confirmed by a descriptive odor profile analysis. A comparison with odorants of individual materials of the vehicle interior investigated in literature revealed that both identified substance classes are present in a wide variety of materials and, consequently, contribute to the odor in the vehicle interior. In the third chapter of this thesis, odorants of the aqueous cavity preservation were investigated by means of emission test chamber experiments with the aim to obtain further insights into the odorant composition. Since no appropriate method existed to investigate odorants in a gas phase in the form of a liquid odor extract, different sampling strategies, such as chamber air absorption and adsorption, were compared. Subsequent investigations by GC‐O and OEDA revealed potent carboxylic acids and lactones in the gas phase of the heated cavity preservation using each sampling method. In addition, more detailed results were obtained in a descriptive odor profile analysis by sample presentation of chamber air in odor bags compared to a presentation in glass vessels according to VDA 270. As a result, the developed methods may be extended for the investigation of odorants in air of big vehicle assemblies or whole vehicle interiors. In the fourth and the fifth chapter of this thesis, odorants of two new car interiors with different seat covers were analyzed as general proof of principle. For this purpose, air of the vehicle interiors was investigated in a whole vehicle test stand for interior emissions by means of adsorption and subsequent elution of the volatiles. Following GC‐O and 2D‐GC‐MS/O analyses, 39 odorants were identified belonging to various substance classes such as esters, saturated and unsaturated aldehydes, unsaturated ketones, rose ketones, phenol and benzene derivatives, and pyrazines. Furthermore, ten important odorants were quantified which could be detected in a descriptive odor profile analysis. After the initial investigation, both vehicles were used by a customer in his everyday life. At specific time intervals during use, the odorant composition of the vehicle cabins was analyzed by means of sensory evaluation and instrumental analysis after sampling on the test stand for interior emissions. The knowledge of the decay behavior of the odorants allowed further pinpointing of the most important odorants that caused the typical new car odor in the two investigated cars during vehicle usage. Based on these findings, a targeted investigation of individual components regarding the identified odorants and, thus, a reduction of the exposure to smelly substances in the vehicle interior will be significantly facilitated.

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Investigation of an Upcycling Strategy for Mixed Plastic Wastes from Urban Collection

Ferraioli

Incarnato

Maio

et al. 2022

Macromolecular Symposia

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In this work, an upcycling strategy, aimed to upgrade the performances of recyclates deriving from sorting and mechanical recycling of mixed plastic waste recovered from the urban collection (UPW), is explored. To this aim, UPW samples are firstly analyzed to get information on their polymer constituents (type and relative amount), and then they are upcycled with the addition of different amounts of a polymer compatibilizer, a CaCO3‐based moisture absorber, and/or odor removers. All used additives give interesting benefits on processability and quality of the recycled UPW. In particular, the stiffness is increased up to ca. 22%, with the addition of 5 wt% of compatibilizer, and up to ca. 36%, with the addition of 5 wt% of moisture absorber, which also give better processability thanks to its moisture removal action. The odor absorber significantly reduces the smell of the recyclates, as found in preliminary odor recognition test sensory evaluation.

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Odor characterization of post-consumer and recycled automotive polypropylene by different sensory evaluation methods and instrumental analysis

Cited by 24 publications

References 59 publications

Follow your nose ‐ Traveling the world of odorants in new cars

Follow your nose ‐ Traveling the world of odorants in new cars

New car odor: sensory and molecular characterization of odors and potential sources of smell in the vehicle interior

Investigation of an Upcycling Strategy for Mixed Plastic Wastes from Urban Collection

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