Odor identification testing in children and young adults using the smell wheel

Cameron, E. Leslie; Doty, Richard L.

doi:10.1016/j.ijporl.2012.11.022

Cited by 70 publications

(79 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…In line with previous studies no sex difference was found in the current study in odor identification scores [3], [16], [18], [20]. It has been described that odor identification improves with age in children [14], [16], [20]. This was also the case in the current study.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…Children included in the study grew up in Germany. Both the NIH-toolbox and the “smell wheel” were administered to children, who grew up in the USA [14], [16]. Additional studies are necessary to evaluate the “Sniffin' Kids” test in other countries especially countries outside of Europe.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Only in recent years the development of olfactory tests, especially designed for the administration in children, has been undertaken [14]–[18]. The “smell wheel” and the olfactory test of the NIH Toolbox are based on the UPSIT and the scratch and sniff technique [14], [16]. Both tests are for use in the USA or at least are aiming at English speaking children.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The “Sniffin' Kids” Test - A 14-Item Odor Identification Test for Children

et al. 2014

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Tools for measuring olfactory function in adults have been well established. Although studies have shown that olfactory impairment in children may occur as a consequence of a number of diseases or head trauma, until today no consensus on how to evaluate the sense of smell in children exists in Europe. Aim of the study was to develop a modified “Sniffin' Sticks” odor identification test, the “Sniffin' Kids” test for the use in children. In this study 537 children between 6-17 years of age were included. Fourteen odors, which were identified at a high rate by children, were selected from the “Sniffin' Sticks” 16-item odor identification test. Normative date for the 14-item “Sniffin' Kids” odor identification test was obtained. The test was validated by including a group of congenital anosmic children. Results show that the “Sniffin' Kids” test is able to discriminate between normosmia and anosmia with a cutoff value of >7 points on the odor identification test. In addition the test-retest reliability was investigated in a group of 31 healthy children and shown to be ρ = 0.44. With the 14-item odor identification “Sniffin' Kids” test we present a valid and reliable test for measuring olfactory function in children between ages 6–17 years.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The “Sniffin' Kids” Test - A 14-Item Odor Identification Test for Children

et al. 2014

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“…Though an increasing number of standardized tests currently exist for evaluating olfactory function, those that are applicable to a pediatric cohort (i.e., those that take into account the unique aspects of cognitive and language development in olfactory evaluation in children) are less common. [19][20][21] Though a number of the measures used in the reviewed studies, SDCOIT, and Robert and Simcox's self-piloted measures use visual stimuli to minimize confounders of language, these measures have their own limitations. 12,17 The use of common items in the administration of SDCOIT affects its standardized nature, making interpretation of the findings around olfaction more limited.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recent developments in assessing olfaction in children as young as 3 years are encouraging and are the first step in increasing the awareness of assessment of olfactory function. 20,21 Without clinically applicable, ageappropriate assessment measures, the accurate assessment and identification of olfactory deficits in a clinical setting is likely to continue to be under-represented. The use of such measures in future olfactory function research in young children will assist with previously identified issues of ensuring standardized developmentally appropriate assessment.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Olfactory Dysfunction in Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review

Bakker

Catroppa

Anderson

2014

Journal of Neurotrauma

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The neuropsychological outcomes of pediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI) have received increasing study over the past 20 years and are currently well delineated in the research literature. One outcome that has received little attention is that of olfactory dysfunction after pediatric TBI. This is despite literature indicating that anosmia and olfactory dysfunction are common after adult TBI and are likely to be linked to severity of injury, neuropathology, and executive dysfunction. At a clinical level, anosmia is known to be reported after pediatric TBI. Despite this, little is known about its prevalence and recovery. A systematic review was undertaken to provide objective information about olfactory dysfunction post-TBI in children. Despite broad inclusion criteria, only four published studies were identified. The studies found were limited by methodological weaknesses, variability in measures, small sample size, and difficulty of comparison across cohorts studied. Despite this, they reported consistent findings of anosmia and olfactory dysfunction in their TBI cohorts and identified a dose-response relationship between severity of injury and olfactory dysfunction. The results of the studies are discussed in terms of relevant findings, limitations, and areas requiring further exploration.

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