Odor Perception and Neuropathology in Neurodegenerative Diseases and Schizophrenia

Doty, Richard L.; Hawkes, Christopher H.; Good, Kimberley P.; Duda, John E.

doi:10.1002/9781118971758.ch18

Cited by 19 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 459 publications

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“…Importantly, olfactory dysfunction can be an early sign of such neurodegenerative diseases as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. 1 Since older persons with smell loss are three times more likely to die over the course of a 4- to 5-year period, 2 , 3 it behooves the modern physician to be aware of his or her patient's degree of smell function.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement of chemosensory function

Doty

2018

World j. otorhinolaryngol.-head neck surg.

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Although hundreds of thousands of patients seek medical help annually for disorders of taste and smell, relatively few medical practitioners quantitatively test their patients' chemosensory function, taking their complaints at face value. This is clearly not the approach paid to patients complaining of visual, hearing, or balance problems. Accurate chemosensory testing is essential to establish the nature, degree, and veracity of a patient's complaint, as well as to aid in counseling and in monitoring the effectiveness of treatment strategies and decisions. In many cases, patients perseverate on chemosensory loss that objective assessment demonstrates has resolved. In other cases, patients are malingering. Olfactory testing is critical for not only establishing the validity and degree of the chemosensory dysfunction, but for helping patients place their dysfunction into perspective relative to the function of their peer group. It is well established, for example, that olfactory dysfunction is the rule, rather than the exception, in members of the older population. Moreover, it is now apparent that such dysfunction can be an early sign of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. Importantly, older anosmics are three times more likely to die over the course of an ensuring five-year period than their normosmic peers, a situation that may be averted in some cases by appropriate nutritional and safety counseling. This review provides the clinician, as well as the academic and industrial researcher, with an overview of the available means for accurately assessing smell and taste function, including up-to-date information and normative data for advances in this field.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement of chemosensory function

Doty

2018

World j. otorhinolaryngol.-head neck surg.

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“…Differences in general olfactory acuity can result from many factors, such as age [12,13], sex, smoking habits, or body weight of an individual [12]. Olfactory dysfunctions, such as those resulting from environmental pollution [14], neurodegenerative diseases [15] or infections [16] might also account for differences in olfactory acuity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Olfaction and Environment: Tsimane’ of Bolivian Rainforest Have Lower Threshold of Odor Detection Than Industrialized German People

et al. 2013

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Olfactory sensitivity varies between individuals. However, data regarding cross-cultural and inter-group differences are scarce. We compared the thresholds of odor detection of the traditional society of Tsimane’ (native Amazonians of the Bolivian rainforest; n = 151) and people living in Dresden (Germany; n = 286) using “Sniffin’ Sticks” threshold subtest. Tsimane’ detected n-butanol at significantly lower concentrations than the German subjects. The distribution of thresholds of the Tsimane’ was very specific, with 25% of Tsimane’ obtaining better results in the olfactory test than any member of the German group. These data suggest that differences in olfactory sensitivity seem to be especially salient between industrialized and non-industrialized populations inhabiting different environmental conditions. We hypothesize that the possible sources of such differences are: (i) the impact of pollution which impairs the olfactory abilities of people from industrialized countries; (ii) better training of olfaction because of the higher importance of smell in traditional populations; (iii) environmental pressures shaping olfactory abilities in these populations.

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“…Commonality between odor identification and detection thresholds appears to be present in diseases other than MS. [51]. Thus, individuals with Alzheimer’s disease [52], Parkinson’s disease [53], and epilepsy [54] – diseases whose impact on olfaction is most likely dependent upon pathologies within the brain -- exhibit both odor identification and detection threshold deficits. In aggregate, such observations throw into question the general notion that tests of odor detection and identification are differentially measuring peripheral and central elements of olfactory processing [34].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unilateral olfactory sensitivity in multiple sclerosis

Good

Tourbier

Moberg

et al. 2017

Physiology & Behavior

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It is not known whether lateralized olfactory sensitivity deficits are present in MS. Since projections from the olfactory bulb to the olfactory cortex are largely ipsilateral, and since both functional imaging and psychophysical studies suggest that the right side of the brain may be more involved in olfactory processing than the left, we addressed this issue by administering well-validated tests of odor detection, along with tests of odor identification, to each side of the nose of 73 MS patients and 73 age-, gender-, and race-matched normal controls. We also determined, in 63 of the MS patients, whether correlations were present between the olfactory test measures and MRI-determined lesions in brain regions ipsilateral and contralateral to the nose side that was tested. No significant left:right differences in either olfactory sensitivity or identification were present, although in both cases mean performance was lower in the MS than in the control subjects (ps < 0.0001). Scores on the two sides of the nose were positively correlated with one another (identification r = 0.71, p < 0.0001; threshold r = 0.56, p < 0.0001). The percent of MS patients whose bilateral test scores fell below the 10th percentile of controls did not differ between the odor identification and detection threshold tests. Both left and right odor identification and detection test scores were weakly correlated with lesion volumes in temporal and frontal lobe brain regions (r’s < 0.40). Our findings demonstrate that MS does not differentially influence odor perception on left and right sides of the nose, regardless of whether sensitivity or identification is being measured. They also indicate that tests of odor identification and detection are similarly influenced by MS and that such influences are associated with central brain lesions.

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Odor Perception and Neuropathology in Neurodegenerative Diseases and Schizophrenia

Cited by 19 publications

References 459 publications

Measurement of chemosensory function

Measurement of chemosensory function

Olfaction and Environment: Tsimane’ of Bolivian Rainforest Have Lower Threshold of Odor Detection Than Industrialized German People

Unilateral olfactory sensitivity in multiple sclerosis

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