Oesophageal cancer in Zulu men, South Africa: A case-control study

Rensburg, S.J. Van; Bradshaw, E; Bradshaw, Debbie; Rose, E.

doi:10.1038/bjc.1985.54

Cited by 69 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…The strongest predictor of esophageal cancer in a native population in South Africa was the frequency of maize consumption [56]. Similar patterns were observed in the Henan province in China [57] and in northern Italy [58].…”

Section: Niacin and Cancer Epidemiologysupporting

confidence: 65%

Niacin requirements for genomic stability

Kirkland

2012

Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutag

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Through its involvement in over 400 NAD(P)-dependent reactions, niacin status has the potential to influence every area of metabolism. Niacin deficiency has been linked to genomic instability largely through impaired function of the poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) family of enzymes. In various models, niacin deficiency has been found to cause impaired cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, delayed DNA excision repair, accumulation of single and double strand breaks, chromosomal breakage, telomere erosion and cancer development. Rat models suggest that most aspects of genomic instability are minimized by the recommended levels of niacin found in AIN-93 formulations; however, some beneficial responses do occur in the range from adequate up to pharmacological niacin intakes. Mouse models show a wide range of protection against UV-induced skin cancer well into pharmacological levels of niacin intake. It is currently a challenge to compare animal and human data to estimate the role of niacin status in the risk of genomic instability in human populations. It seems fairly certain that some portion of even affluent populations will benefit from niacin supplementation, and some subpopulations are likely well below an optimal intake of this vitamin. With exposure to stressors, like chemotherapy or excess sunlight, suraphysiological doses of niacin may be beneficial.

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Section: Niacin and Cancer Epidemiologysupporting

confidence: 65%

Niacin requirements for genomic stability

Kirkland

2012

Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutag

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“…It is not clear whether the meat-related risk should be attributed to high salt or nitrite content, or to high saturated fat intake (Franceschi et al, 1999). The significant trend of risk increase with the increasing consumption of maize dishes is also of specific interest, since it replicated findings for upper aerodigestive tract cancer in Italy (Franceschi et al, 1990), China (Li et al, 1989); and South Africa (Van Rensburg et al, 1985). Explanations for this finding include specific nutritional deficiencies in maize-eating populations, thermal injury, and/or a role of fungal contamination of maize (e.g., fumonisins; Sydenham et al, 1990).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 56%

Risk factors for cancer of the oral cavity and oro-pharynx in Cuba

et al. 2001

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In terms of worldwide levels, Cuba has an intermediate incidence of cancer of the oral cavity and oro-pharynx. We studied 200 cases of cancer of the oral cavity and pharynx, of whom 57 women (median age = 64) and 200 hospital controls, frequency matched with cases by age and sex, in relation to smoking and drinking history, intake of 25 foods or food groups, indicators of oral hygiene and sexual activity, and history of sexually transmitted diseases. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were obtained from unconditional multiple logistic regressions and adjusted for age, sex, area of residence, education, and smoking and drinking habits. In the multivariate model, high educational level and white-collar occupation, but not white race, were associated with halving of oral cancer risk. Smoking ≥30 cigarettes per day showed an OR of 20.8 (95% CI: 8.9–48.3), similar to smoking ≥4 cigars daily (OR = 20.5). Drinking ≥ 70 alcoholic drinks per week showed an OR of 5.7 (95% CI: 1.8–18.5). Hard liquors were by far the largest source of alcohol. Increased risk was associated with the highest tertile of intake for maize (OR = 1.9), meat (OR = 2.2) and ham and salami (OR = 2.0), whereas high fruit intake was associated with significantly decreased risk (OR = 0.4). Among indicators of dental care, number of missing teeth and poor general oral condition at oral inspection showed ORs of 2.7 and 2.6, respectively. Number of sexual partners, marriages or contacts with prostitutes, practice of oral sex and history of various sexually transmitted diseases, including genital warts, were not associated with oral cancer risk. 82% of oral cancer cases in Cuba were attributable to tobacco smoking, 19% to smoking cigars or pipe only. The fractions attributable to alcohol drinking (7%) and low fruit intake (11%) were more modest. Thus, decreases in cigarette and cigar smoking are at present the key to oral cancer prevention in Cuba. © 2001 Cancer Research Campaign http://www.bjcancer.com

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“…This would have dramatic effects on the vitamin B status of people such as the oesophageal cancer patients in the present study who consume large quantities of beer and whose low socio-economic status will result in a generally poor diet that is also largely composed of maize (Van Rensburg, 1981). It is of interest that a recent study from Natal found a high RR (5.7) for those who bought maize daily compared with those who bought it less than once a week (Van Rensburg et al, 1985). There is no evidence to suggest that carcinogens in home-brewed beer or in homedistilled spirits from other parts of the world are of any importance in the development of cancer of the oesophagus (IARC Annual Reports, 1975 and1976).…”

Section: Smokingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In France, Barrelier (1974) has suggested a geographical association with homedistilled drinks. Previous case-control studies among South African black populations have shown an elevated risk for the smoking of pipe tobacco and more recently for the smoking of cigarettes but no evidence for an independent risk associated with the consumption of alcohol (Bradshaw & Schonland, 1969;1974;Van Rensburg et al, 1985). However a population survey conducted in areas of high and low incidence in the Transkei suggests that a combined effect of smoking pipe tobacco and of drinking may be of importance there (McGlashan et al, 1982).…”

mentioning

confidence: 98%

Factors associated with oesophageal cancer in Soweto, South Africa

Segal

Reinach²,

Beer³

1988

Br J Cancer

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Summary Cancer of the oesophagus was a rare disease in the South African black population until the last few decades. Increases in incidence have occurred and at present it is the commonest cancer in black men in many parts of South Africa. A case-control study of 200 oesophageal cancer patients and 391 hospital controls has been carried out in order to determine the risk factors in the urban black population of Soweto. The results indicate that the cancer patients were long-term urban residents from a very low socio-economic group. The association between smoking pipe tobacco and oesophageal cancer previously noted in South Africa is confirmed. In addition, consumption of traditional beer was found to be a major risk factor.

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Oesophageal cancer in Zulu men, South Africa: A case-control study

Cited by 69 publications

References 7 publications

Niacin requirements for genomic stability

Niacin requirements for genomic stability

Risk factors for cancer of the oral cavity and oro-pharynx in Cuba

Factors associated with oesophageal cancer in Soweto, South Africa

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