Every participant in war encounters war through its languages. Languages are the basic ingredients of many of the sights and soundscapes of war, whether troops and civilians encounter them as temporary sojourners in a foreign territory or whether war is taking place on soil they regard as home: from the slang and patois with which foreign soldiers have learned to communicate with local civilians to go about the business of everyday life, to the 'weaponization' (Rafael 2012) of language through counter-insurgency and interrogation, to the impressions that the very perceptibility of linguistic difference in itself can leave on individuals' experiences of war -consider how often the adhan or Islamic call to prayer, in Arabic, became 'the most striking and memorable non-weapon-related sound' for so many coalition soldiers deployed to Iraq and Afghanistan during the War on Terror (Daughtry 2015: 58), or how the designers of simulated environments on military training ranges commonly use foreign languages, signs and scripts to communicate the practical and symbolic implications of linguistic difference to troops before they deploy (peacekeepers in Bosnia who did not read Cyrillic script, for instance, could not count on being able to read place names from all road signs).In certain wars, especially ethnopolitical conflicts such as the Yugoslav wars of the 1990s and their aftermath, the matter of which languages are present or absent, and in what form, is part of the war itself: an armed force taking control of territory and claiming it as part of a historical national homeland, to the exclusion of competing claims, will strengthen its claim by driving out the language(s) as well as the individual members of the group(s) it considers a minority, while an army of occupation pursuing irredentist war aims, like Italy occupying the Julian Alps in 1915-17, will likewise impose its national language across public space in extending the power of the occupying state and assimilating those minorities who remain under its authority (Svoljšak 2012). Such instances of language as war, not just language in war, are ruptures in the very fabric of everyday life for inhabitants of the region, and symbolic politics that foreign interveners, during their involvement in the conflict, may or may not strive to understand.Most participants in war have also encountered war through the mediations of meaning between languages (written translation and spoken interpreting) that occur at every stage of planning, warfighting and peacemaking yet until recently went largely unnoticed in the wider study of war. Even in wars where troops have not been deployed abroad and the languages spoken by each side are the same, experiences of war raise the question of 'translation' between military and civilian registers and vocabularies: indeed, they pose the thorny literary question of whether embodied wartime experiences can be adequately 'translated' at all through language that conveys them to readers and listeners who do not have the same embodied memories...