Of Christians, Jews, and Muslims: When gender is unspecified, the default is men

Abstract

Discrimination against members of non-majority religious groups is widespread, often due to negative stereotypes and emotions towards them. While much is known regarding religious groups as a whole, there is relatively little work disaggregating religious groups by gender. Such disaggregation is important for advancing our theoretical and practical understanding of intergroup conflict and subsequently helping policymakers design interventions that are effective towards both men and women within groups. To understand the impact of gender on religious stereotypes, across two studies (pre-registered, N = 1808), we analyzed stereotypes and emotions towards the men and women of three religious groups: Christians, Jews, and Muslims, to determine the prototypicality biases that Intersectional Invisibility is predicated on. There was evidence of androcentric biases, as (Christian, Jewish, and Muslim) men were perceived as more similar to their respective broader religious groups than (Christian, Jewish, and Muslim) women. Additionally, Muslim women, in particular, experienced a double distancing from their identities: they were strongly differentiated from their broader religious category, i.e., Muslim, and also the most differentiated from their broader gender category i.e., women. Implications for psychological frameworks, future directions, and limitations are discussed.

Disrupting Racism and Global Exclusion in Academic Publishing: Recommendations and Resources for Authors, Reviewers, and Editors

“…American participants tend to assume other U.S. Americans are white and that people in general are male and straight (Bailey et al, 2020;Devos & Banaji, 2005;Ghani et al, 2023;Hudson & Ghani, 2023;). Unsurprisingly, then, people-including scientists-tend to prioritize dominant (e.g., white and Western) viewpoints (Cheon et al, 2020;Fryberg & Eason, 2017;Purdie-Vaughns & Eibach, 2008;Thalmeyer et al, 2021).…”

Effects of Ramadan Intermittent Fasting on the Severity of β-Thalassemia Major Patients

“…Muslims abstain from ingesting food and liquids from dawn to sunset for a month-long period. In a typical fast, Muslims have a pre-dawn meal and another post-sunset to break their fast [ 17 - 19 ]. In many kinds of literature, the effect of Ramadan intermittent fasting (RIF) on different medical conditions was evaluated [ 20 - 23 ].…”