Off-chaining Models and Approaches to Off-chain Computations

Eberhardt, Jacob; Heiss, Jonathan

doi:10.1145/3284764.3284766

Cited by 71 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…This makes the stored data unavailable for other users in the blockchain system and requires the owner of the off-chain node to do any necessary computations. Furthermore, the blockchain is relieved from computationally intensive tasks and increases privacy [92]. However, this approach requires trust in the quality in and origin of the off-chain data, because it cannot be verified by other actors in the network.…”

Section: Blockchain Integration and Project Chainsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Designing a Blockchain Model for the Paris Agreement’s Carbon Market Mechanism

2020

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This paper examines the benefits and constraints of applying blockchain technology for the Paris Agreement carbon market mechanism and develops a list of technical requirements and soft factors as selection criteria to test the feasibility of two different blockchain platforms. The carbon market mechanism, as outlined in Article 6.2 of the Paris Agreement, can accelerate climate action by enabling cooperation between national Parties. However, in the past, carbon markets were limited by several constraints. Our research investigates these constraints and translates them into selection criteria to design a blockchain platform to overcome these past limitations. The developed selection criteria and assumptions developed in this paper provide an orientation for blockchain assessments. Using the selection criteria, we examine the feasibility of two distinct blockchains, Ethereum and Hyperledger Fabric, for the specific use case of Article 6.2. These two blockchain systems represent contrary forms of design and governance; Ethereum constitutes a public and permissionless blockchain governance system, while Hyperledger Fabric represents a private and permissioned governance system. Our results show that both blockchain systems can address present carbon market constraints by enhancing market transparency, increasing process automation, and preventing double counting. The final selection and blockchain system implementation will first be possible, when the Article 6 negotiations are concluded, and governance preferences of national Parties are established. Our paper informs about the viability of different blockchain systems, offers insights into governance options, and provides a valuable framework for a concrete blockchain selection in the future.

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Section: Blockchain Integration and Project Chainsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Designing a Blockchain Model for the Paris Agreement’s Carbon Market Mechanism

2020

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“…Although off-chain storage mitigates the issues of scalability and privacy to a certain extent [21], it introduces new challenges such as data aggregation and integration. Having parts of the data in different places introduce the need for a mechanism to combine data from different places seamlessly.…”

Section: B Combining On-chain and Off-chain Data Storesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, it is desirable to benchmark and fine tune the blockchain instance before production use. BLOCKBENCH [23] is proposed as a tool to benchmark private instances of Ethereum, Parity, 21 and Hyperledger Fabric blockchains. However, more work is needed in the areas of understanding blockchain workload characteristics, generating representative workloads, and extending established performance testing tools to support blockchain-based application testing.…”

Section: A Deploymentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Data Management in Blockchain-Based Systems: From Architecture to Governance

et al. 2019

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In a blockchain-based system, data and the consensus-based process of recording and updating them over distributed nodes are central to enabling the trustless multi-party transactions. Thus, properly understanding what and how the data are stored and manipulated ultimately determines the degree of utility, performance, and cost of a blockchain-based application. While blockchains enhance the quality of the data by providing a transparent, immutable, and consistent data store, the technology also brings new challenges from a data management perspective. In this paper, we analyse blockchains from the viewpoint of a developer to highlight important concepts and considerations when incorporating a blockchain into a larger software system as a data store. The work aims to increase the level of understanding of blockchain technology as a data store and to promote a methodical approach in applying it to large software systems. First, we identify the common architectural layers of a typical software system with data stores and conceptualise each layer in blockchain terms. Second, we examine the placement and flow of data in blockchain-based applications. Third, we explore data administration aspects for blockchains, especially as a distributed data store. Fourth, we discuss the analytics of blockchain data and trustable data analytics enabled by blockchain. Lastly, we examine the data governance issues in blockchains in terms of privacy and quality assurance.INDEX TERMS Analytics, blockchain, databases, data governance, data handling, distributed data management, distributed databases, software architecture, transaction databases.

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“…By introducing a database layer on top of an existing blockchain, BlockchainDB is not only able to provide higher performance, but also to decrease the complexity for organizations intending to use blockchains for data sharing. While the concept of moving certain functions out of the blockchain into additional application layers has been studied previously (e.g., [14,13,19,9]), to the best of our knowledge, BlockchainDB is the first system to provide a fully functional DB layer on top of blockchains. Our experiments show that BlockchainDB allows to increase the performance significantly to support many real-world applications.…”

Section: Contributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other proposals to overcome the scalability problem of blockchains discuss the usage of off-chain computation [14,13,19,9]. While BlockchainDB shares the concepts of moving certain functions out of the blockchain, it does that on top of the blockchain layer and not as part of it.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

BlockchainDB

et al. 2019

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In this paper we present BlockchainDB , which leverages blockchains as a storage layer and introduces a database layer on top that extends blockchains by classical data management techniques (e.g., sharding) as well as a standardized query interface to facilitate the adoption of blockchains for data sharing use cases. We show that by introducing the additional database layer, we are able to improve the performance and scalability when using blockchains for data sharing and also massively decrease the complexity for organizations intending to use blockchains for data sharing.

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Off-chaining Models and Approaches to Off-chain Computations

Cited by 71 publications

References 8 publications

Designing a Blockchain Model for the Paris Agreement’s Carbon Market Mechanism

Designing a Blockchain Model for the Paris Agreement’s Carbon Market Mechanism

Analysis of Data Management in Blockchain-Based Systems: From Architecture to Governance

BlockchainDB

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