Off‐fault plasticity favors the arrest of dynamic ruptures on strength heterogeneity: Two‐dimensional cases

Hok, Sébastien; Campillo, Míchel; Cotton, Fabrice; Favreau, P.; Ionescu, Ioan R.

doi:10.1029/2009gl041888

Cited by 15 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Considering the saturation of rupture speed, this equation shows that the size of the process zone also saturates, as reported in numerical simulations by Hok et al [2010]. It is Figure 10.…”

Section: Limits On Rupture Speed and Cohesive Zone Sizesupporting

confidence: 65%

“…Combining equations to leads to

ℓ_{c} \approx \frac{μ δ_{c}}{A (v_{r}) (1 - ν) τ_{D}} .

Considering the saturation of rupture speed, this equation shows that the size of the process zone also saturates, as reported in numerical simulations by Hok et al []. It is significant that the Lorentz contraction of the process zone is prevented in self‐similar ruptures in viscoplastic media despite the growth of the outer‐scale stress intensity factor K with rupture distance.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Source properties of dynamic rupture pulses with off‐fault plasticity

Gabriel

Ampuero

Dalguer³

et al. 2013

JGR Solid Earth

136

131

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[1] Large dynamic stresses near earthquake rupture fronts may induce an inelastic response of the surrounding materials, leading to increased energy absorption that may affect dynamic rupture. We systematically investigate the effects of off-fault plastic energy dissipation in 2-D in-plane dynamic rupture simulations under velocity-and-statedependent friction with severe weakening at high slip velocity. We find that plasticity does not alter the nature of the transitions between different rupture styles (decaying versus growing, pulse-like versus crack-like, and subshear versus supershear ruptures) but increases their required background stress and nucleation size. We systematically quantify the effect of amplitude and orientation of background shear stresses on the asymptotic properties of self-similar pulse-like ruptures: peak slip rate, rupture speed, healing front speed, slip gradient, and the relative contribution of plastic strain to seismic moment. Peak slip velocity and rupture speed remain bounded. From fracture mechanics arguments, we derive a nonlinear relation between their limiting values, appropriate also for crack-like and supershear ruptures. At low background stress, plasticity turns self-similar pulses into steady state pulses, for which plastic strain contributes significantly to the seismic moment. We find that the closeness to failure of the background stress state is an adequate predictor of rupture speed for relatively slow events. Our proposed relations between state of stress and earthquake source properties in the presence of off-fault plasticity may contribute to the improved interpretation of earthquake observations and to pseudodynamic source modeling for ground motion prediction.

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Section: Limits On Rupture Speed and Cohesive Zone Sizesupporting

confidence: 65%

“…Combining equations to leads to

ℓ_{c} \approx \frac{μ δ_{c}}{A (v_{r}) (1 - ν) τ_{D}} .

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Source properties of dynamic rupture pulses with off‐fault plasticity

Gabriel

Ampuero

Dalguer³

et al. 2013

JGR Solid Earth

136

131

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“…An increasing number of observations support this suggestion, in which significant coseismic failure and strain occurs around large earthquake ruptures [Fialko et al, 2002;Fialko, 2004;Hamiel and Fialko, 2007;Cochran et al, 2009;Fielding et al, 2009]. Experimental and theoretical models have also been developed recently to examine whether off-fault coseismic damage could emerge from the dynamic rupture process [Harris and Day, 1997;Lyakhovsky et al, 1997;Yamashita, 2000;Poliakov et al, 2002;Dalguer et al, 2003;Rice et al, 2005;Andrews, 2005; Ben-Zion and Shi, 2005;Ando and Yamashita, 2007;Bhat et al, 2007;Templeton and Rice, 2008;Biegel et al, 2008;Viesca et al, 2008;Dunham and Rice, 2008;Duan and Day, 2008;Ma, 2008;Sammis et al, 2009;Dieterich and Smith, 2009;Finzi et al, 2009;Bhat et al, 2010;Biegel et al, 2010;Ma and Andrews, 2010;Shi et al, 2010;Hok et al, 2010;Savage and Cooke, 2010;Dunham et al, 2011aDunham et al, , 2011bXu et al, 2012aXu et al, , 2012bNgo et al, 2012;Suzuki, 2012;Xu and Ben-Zion, 2013;Gabriel et al, 2013]. Although they are based on different formalisms, all these models confirm that significant coseismic off-fault damage does develop during the earthquake rupture, with this ...…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although they are based on different formalisms, all these models confirm that significant coseismic off-fault damage does develop during the earthquake rupture, with this development markedly affecting the mode and properties (i.e., speed and directivity) of the dynamic rupture and the seismic radiation. However, none of these studies have addressed the question of earthquake slip profiles; either the slip distributions that emerge from the experiment or modeling are not examined [Sammis et al, 2009;Hok et al, 2010;Suzuki, 2012;Xu and Ben-Zion, 2013;Gabriel et al, 2013] or they are examined yet found to be different from natural, generic slip profiles [Andrews, 2005;Dunham and Rice, 2008;Templeton and Rice, 2008;Dieterich and Smith, 2009;Savage and Cooke, 2010;Griffith et al, 2010;Dunham et al, 2011aDunham et al, , 2011bXu et al, 2012a].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Off-fault long-term damage: A condition to account for generic, triangular earthquake slip profiles

Cappa

Perrin

Manighetti

et al. 2014

Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst.

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Natural earthquake slip profiles have a generic triangular shape which the available rupture dynamics models fail to reproduce. Long-term faults are embedded in long-damaged crustal material, and the properties of the long-term damage vary both across and along the faults. We examine the effects of the predamaged state of the medium on the earthquake slip distributions. We simulate long-term damage by the decrease in the elastic modulus of the medium around the fault. We model the dynamic crack-like rupture of a slip-weakening planar, right-lateral strike-slip fault, and search which geometries and elastic properties of the long-term damage produce a triangular slip profile on the rupture. We find that such a profile is produced only when a laterally heterogeneous preexisting damage zone surrounds the ruptured fault. The highest on-fault slip develops in the most compliant region of the damage zone, and not necessarily above the earthquake hypocenter. The coseismic slip decreases in zones of stiffer damage. The amount of coseismic slip dissipated in the damage zone is large, at least 25-40% of maximum on-fault slip, and can occur over large distances from the fault. Our study thus emphasizes that off-fault preexisting damage should be considered for an accurate description of earthquake ruptures. It also motivates a reformulation of the available earthquake source inversion models since most of them do not include the inelastic deformations that occur in the near field of the earthquake ruptures.

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“…Many studies have characterized fault‐zone damage [e.g., Kim et al , 2004; Manighetti et al , 2004; Ben‐Zion and Sammis , 2003] and some have provided rheology models to describe the evolution of damage and fault zones [e.g., Lyakhovsky et al , 1997; Nanjo et al , 2005, and references therein]. Recent studies have also accounted for material‐degradation in models of long‐term fault evolution and seismicity patterns [ Finzi et al ,2009; Lyakhovsky and Ben‐Zion , 2008; Duan and Oglesby , 2005], and others addressed the effect of off‐fault damage on ruptures [ Ma and Andrews , 2010; Hok et al , 2010]. However, to date none has combined off‐fault damage in step‐over zones and rupture dynamic simulations to yield insights into the stability of segmented fault‐systems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Damage in step‐overs may enable large cascading earthquakes

Finzi

Langer

2012

Geophysical Research Letters

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[1] Seismic hazard analysis relies on the ability to predict whether an earthquake will terminate at a fault tip or propagate onto adjacent faults, cascading into a larger, more devastating event. While ruptures are expected to arrest at fault discontinuities larger than 4-5 km, scientists are often puzzled by much larger rupture jumps. Here we show that material properties between faults significantly affect the ability to arrest propagating ruptures. Earthquake simulations accounting for fault step-over zones weakened by accumulated damage provide new insights into rupture propagation. Revealing that lowered rigidity and material interfaces promote rupture propagation, our models show for the first time that step-overs as wide as 10 km may not constitute effective earthquake barriers. Our results call for re-evaluation of seismic hazard analyses that predict rupture length and earthquake magnitude based on historic records and fault segmentation models.

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Off‐fault plasticity favors the arrest of dynamic ruptures on strength heterogeneity: Two‐dimensional cases

Cited by 15 publications

References 21 publications

Source properties of dynamic rupture pulses with off‐fault plasticity

Source properties of dynamic rupture pulses with off‐fault plasticity

Off-fault long-term damage: A condition to account for generic, triangular earthquake slip profiles

Damage in step‐overs may enable large cascading earthquakes

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