Off‐Site Movement of Endosulfan from Irrigated Cotton in New South Wales

Kennedy, Ivan R.; Sánchez‐Bayo, Francisco; Kimber, Stephen; Lochner, Hugo; Ahmad, Nazir

doi:10.2134/jeq2001.303683x

Cited by 82 publications

(86 citation statements)

References 26 publications

(35 reference statements)

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“…Our study did not differentiate whether residues were situated on outer surfaces of plant tissues or were taken up into the tissues of the plant. However, several authors have reported endosulfan residues, including metabolites, in, on, or in and on tomato plant tissues (Aguilera-del Real et al, 1997;, as well as in, on, or in and on tissues of other plants and in soil (Bead and Ware, 1969;Stewart and Cairns, 1974;Chopra and Mahfouz, 1977;Martens, 1977;Singh et al, 1991;Raha et al, 1993;Kennedy et al, 2001).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In both foliage and fruit, this breakdown product of endosulfan persisted until the termination of the experiment at 14 days. Oxidation of the parent compounds (Kennedy et al, 2001) causes an initial buildup in the sulfate metabolite, which reaches a peak in 6 and 2 days in foliage and fruit, respectively, after application. Given that endosulfan sulfate is formed in many natural environments through biological oxidation and that it is only slowly degraded, both chemically and biologically (Miles and Moy, 1978), it may represent a predominant residue of endosulfan in aerobic environments.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many chlorinated pesticides are highly toxic and considered a potential risk to both human health and the environment. Technical endosulfan, a mixture of two stereoisomers, that is, α-and β-endosulfan ( Figure 3.1a,b) in the approximate ratio of 7:3 (Shetty et al, 2000;Kennedy et al, 2001), is a chlorinated pesticide for control of a large spectrum of insect pests on a wide range of crops (Aguilera-del Real et al, 1997). It is used in many countries throughout the world for the control of pests on fruits, vegetables, tea, tobacco, and cotton (Antonious and Byers, 1997;Sethunathan et al, 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Use and Fate of Pesticides in Vegetable-Based Agro-Ecosystems in Ghana

Ntow¹

2008

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All rights reserved. No part of this publication or the information contained herein may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without written prior permission from the publishers. Although all care is taken to ensure integrity and the quality of this publication and the information herein, no responsibility is assumed by the publishers nor the author for any damage to the property or persons as a result of operation or use of this publication and/or the information contained herein.Published by: Taylor & Francis/Balkema PO Box 447, 2300 AK Leiden, The Netherlands e-mail: Pub. NL@tandf.co.uk www.balkema.nl, www.taylorandfrancis.co.uk, To the memory of Dr. Akosua Werekoa (aka Awo), this thesis is dedicated to her, my wife, Mrs Bernice Worlanyo Ntow and my parents, Francis Andrews Ntow andMargaret Kyei (Yaa Saah), whom God has used to bring me this far. Contents AcknowledgementsChapter 1 Introduction 1Chapter 2 Farmer perceptions and pesticide use practices in vegetable production in Ghana 9Chapter 3 Dissipation of endosulfan in field-grown tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) and cropped soil at Akumadan 27Chapter 4The impact of agricultural runoff on the quality of two streams at Akumadan and Tono 43Chapter 5 Occupational exposure to pesticides: blood cholinesterase activity in farmers at Akumadan 57Chapter Introduction GeneralWorldwide pesticide usage has increased tremendously since the 1960s. It has largely been responsible for the "green revolution", i.e. the massive increase in food production obtained from the same surface of land with the help of mineral fertilisers (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium), more efficient machinery and intensive irrigation. The use of pesticides helped to significantly reduce crop losses and to improve the yield of crops such as corn, maize, vegetables, potatoes and cotton. Notwithstanding the beneficial effects of pesticides, their adverse effects on environmental quality and human health have been well documented worldwide and constitute a major issue that gives rise to concerns at local, regional, national and global scales (Planas et al., 1997; Huber et al., 2000; Kidd et al., 2001; Cerejeira et al., 2003). Residues of pesticides contaminate soils and water, persist in the crops, enter the food chain, and finally are ingested by humans with foodstuffs and water. Furthermore, pesticides can be held responsible for contributing to biodiversity losses and deterioration of natural habitats (Sattler et al., 2006). There have been reported instances of pest resurgence, development of resistance to pesticides, secondary pest outbreaks and destruction of non-target species. Despite the fact that pesticides are also applied in other sectors, agriculture can undoubtedly be seen as the most important source of adverse effects (Hoyer and Kratz, 2001; cited in Sattler et al., 2006).The application of different pesticides varies with the region. For instance, in North Ameri...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Use and Fate of Pesticides in Vegetable-Based Agro-Ecosystems in Ghana

Ntow¹

2008

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“…A presença de resíduos de agrotóxicos em amostras de água da chuva tem sido utilizada para demonstrar a volatilização desses compostos em países de clima temperado (Dubus et al, 2000;Vogel et al, 2008;Gish et al, 2011) e tropical (Laabs et al, 2002;Nogueira et al, 2012), inclusive com relatos da presença do endossulfam (Scheyer et al, 2005;Nogueira et al, 2012). Kennedy et al (2001) observaram volatilização de 70% do endossulfam após sua aplicação na cultura do algodoeiro, na Austrália.…”

Section: Methodsunclassified

“…O principal metabólito do endossulfam no solo após sofrer oxidação microbiológica, é o sulfato de endossulfam (Kennedy et al, 2001), que é altamente tóxico aos organismos aquáticos (Leonard et al, 2001) além de apresentar maior toxicidade aos seres humanos que o próprio endossulfam. Diante disto, o governo brasileiro determinou a proibição de seu uso a partir de 31 de julho de 2013 (ANVISA, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Persistência de endossulfam e seu metabólito sulfato de endossulfam em condições de campo e laboratório

Júnior

Franco

Moraes

2013

Rev. bras. eng. agríc. ambient.

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RESUMOObjetivou-se, neste trabalho, avaliar a persistência e a lixiviação de endossulfam no campo e sua degradação e formação do metabólito sulfato de endossulfam em condições de laboratório. Visando ao experimento da persistência e à lixiviação no campo, amostras de solo até a profundidade de 100 cm foram coletadas aos 0, 41, 74 e 125 dias após aplicação. Em laboratório amostras de solo nas profundidades de 0-30 e 50-70 cm foram incubadas a 30 ± 2 °C e 80% da capacidade de campo e os resíduos de endossulfam e sulfato de endossulfam foram quantificados em função do tempo para ajuste dos modelos de cinética de primeira ordem e do modelo bifásico. Observou-se, no campo, que o endossulfam não lixiviou para menos de 10 cm de profundidade e houve uma rápida dissipação resultando em uma quantidade remanescente no perfil do solo (100 cm) inferior a 1% da dose aplicada aos 41 dias após a aplicação. Em laboratório os valores de TD 50 para o endossulfam variaram de 17 a 26 dias e para o sulfato de endossulfam de 26 a 59 dias. O modelo de degradação bifásico mostrou-se superior ao de cinética de primeira ordem para descrever a degradação do endossulfam em laboratório. Palavras-chave: degradação, meia-vida, lixiviação, dissipaçãoPersistence of endosulfan and its metabolite endosulfan sulfate under field and laboratory conditions ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate endosulfan leaching and persistence in the field as well as its degradation and formation of the metabolite endosulfan sulfate under laboratory conditions. For the persistence experiment and leaching in the field, soil samples until 100 cm depth were collected at 0, 41, 74, and 125 days after application. In the laboratory, soil samples of 0-30 cm and 50-70 cm depth were incubated at 30 ± 2 ºC and 80% field capacity and endosulfan residues were quantified as a function of time for adjusting the first order kinetics and biphasic models. In the field, it was observed that endosulfan did not leach beyond 10 cm depth and there was a rapid dissipation resulting in a quantity in the soil profile (100 cm) less than 1% of the applied dose at 41 days after application. In laboratory TD 50 values for endosulfan ranged from 17 to 26 days and endosulfan sulfate 26-59 days. The biphasic decay model was superior to the first-order kinetics to describe the degradation of endosulfan in the laboratory.

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Transport and Fate of Agrochemicals in the Environment

Kennedy¹,

Crossan²,

Burns³

et al. 2011

Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology

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Synthetic agrochemicals applied at high concentration in the environment for pest control inevitably disperse from these sites, affecting non‐target species. As expected from the second law of thermodynamics, they will dilute spontaneously, transported into the available sinks in the environment by all transport mechanisms available. These dispersing chemicals comprise a diversity of manufactured products considered essential for modern economic civilisation, largely based on the consumption of fossil fuels. Despite the need for environmental protection, it is certain that the agrochemicals known as pesticides will continue to disperse into ecosystems given the greater needs for global food security that are expected to intensify. However, banning such chemicals because of real or perceived risks may not be a rational response. We now possess extensive information on the fate and transport of such agrochemicals. In this article, selected case studies using data generated in the past 20 years for a contrasting range of legacy and current chemicals (DDT, endosulfan, diuron and glyphosate) are used in illustration, suggesting operating principles that can be used for achieving rational environmental management using risk analysis. There is a clear need for all stakeholders including environmentalists, to take responsibility for monitoring agrochemicals, to better assess their risk and manage and minimise their consequences. The benefits from strong and rational stewardship, where manufacturers, regulators users and all those who benefit from their use promote rational management of these products needs clearer recognition by all. Such approaches based on risk management could largely obviate the less rational precautionary approach.

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Off‐Site Movement of Endosulfan from Irrigated Cotton in New South Wales

Cited by 82 publications

References 26 publications

The Use and Fate of Pesticides in Vegetable-Based Agro-Ecosystems in Ghana

The Use and Fate of Pesticides in Vegetable-Based Agro-Ecosystems in Ghana

Persistência de endossulfam e seu metabólito sulfato de endossulfam em condições de campo e laboratório

Transport and Fate of Agrochemicals in the Environment

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