Office Procedures for Quantitative Assessment of Olfactory Function

Doty, Richard L.

doi:10.2500/ajr.2007.21.3043

Cited by 161 publications

(168 citation statements)

References 110 publications

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“…In this study, the most sensitive tool for detecting residual brain dysfunction on neurological examination was olfactory testing. In studies of TBI resulting from noncombat trauma, approximately 60 percent of individuals with moderate to severe TBI have impaired olfaction [20,22,75]. In this report, 52 percent of the 126 veterans with a history of mild TBI had impaired olfaction.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 69%

“…MRI studies of civilians with posttraumatic anosmia demonstrated damage to the olfactory bulbs and tracts, subfrontal cortex, and temporal lobes [77][78]. Importantly, individuals often do not recognize that they have impaired olfaction following TBI [75]. An unrecognized environmental exposure may have increased the number of individuals with olfactory impairments or increased the likelihood that concussion would cause impaired olfaction.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Headaches among Operation Iraqi Freedom/Operation Enduring Freedom veterans with mild traumatic brain injury associated with exposures to explosions

Ruff

Ruff²,

Wang³

2008

JRRD

110

146

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Abstract-Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a common injury type among Operation Iraqi Freedom/Operation Enduring Freedom (OIF/OEF) veterans, and headaches are a frequent consequence of TBI. We examined the hypothesis that among veterans who reported mild TBI caused by exposure to an explosion during deployment in OIF/OEF, those with residual neurocognitive deficits would have a higher frequency of headaches and more severe headaches. We evaluated 155 consecutive veterans with neurological examination and neuropsychological testing. We excluded 29 veterans because they did not have mild TBI or they did not complete the evaluation. We analyzed headache pattern, intensity, and frequency. Among the 126 veterans studied, 80 had impairments on neurological examination or neuropsychological testing that were best attributed to TBI. Veterans with impairments had been exposed to more explosions and were more likely to have headache, features of migraine, more severe pain, more frequent headaches, posttraumatic stress disorder, and impaired sleep with nightmares.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 69%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Headaches among Operation Iraqi Freedom/Operation Enduring Freedom veterans with mild traumatic brain injury associated with exposures to explosions

Ruff

Ruff²,

Wang³

2008

JRRD

110

146

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Participants were tested individually with the SDOIT, an 8-item odor identification test with a test-retest reliability relatively similar to that for the 40-item University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT) (r = 0.86 SDOIT; r = 0.94 UPSIT) [14]. Odorants were presented to participants in random order, in an opaque container covered with gauze.…”

Section: Olfaction Examinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Olfactory impairment in older adults is associated with poorer diet quality over 5 years

et al. 2015

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“…4 Importantly, smell dysfunction is one of the hallmark "preclinical" signs of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer disease and Parkinson disease. [4][5][6][7] There are a variety of ways to assess olfactory capabilities and olfactory loss in humans, which were reviewed by Doty, 8 but most are not consistent with the requirements of the NIH Toolbox initiative to be an "off the shelf," brief and inexpensive test, suitable for use in ages 3 to 85 years. 9 Odor detection is evaluated by measuring the lowest concentration of an odorant at which an individual a) can just detect the odor's presence, or b) can discriminate it from a sample of odorless air.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Olfactory assessment using the NIH Toolbox

et al. 2013

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The human olfactory system provides us with information about our environment that is critical to our physical and psychological well-being. Individuals can vary widely in their ability to detect, recognize, and identify odors, but still be within the range of normal function. Although several standardized tests of odor identification are available, few specifically address the issues in testing very young children, most of whom are likely to be unfamiliar with many of the odor stimuli used in adult tests and have limited ability to read and identify labels to select among choices. Based on the format of the San Diego Odor Identification Test and the delivery system of the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test, we developed 2 versions of an odor identification test using standardized odor stimuli in a scratch-and-sniff format in which participants match 5 (children) or 9 (adults) odors to pictures representing the odor source. Results from normative testing and validation showed that for most participants, the test could be completed in 5 minutes or less and that the poorer performance among the youngest children and the elderly was consistent with data from tests with larger numbers of items. Expanding on the pediatric version of the test with adult-specific and public health-relevant odors increased the ecological validity of the test and facilitated comparisons of intraindividual performance across developmental stages. The human olfactory system allows us to detect odors, to recognize and discriminate odor qualities, and to identify the sources of odors in our world. Humans are capable of detecting and discriminating thousands of different odorant molecules, many at extremely low concentrations (i.e., parts per billion or trillion). Our sense of smell provides us with information about our air, water, and food that is critical to our health and safety, nutrition, and psychological well-being.The process of olfaction is initiated when volatile chemicals stimulate olfactory receptor neurons located on a relatively small patch of specialized epithelial tissue high in the nasal cavity. 1 These sensory neurons have axons that travel as the olfactory nerve (cranial nerve I) to terminate in the olfactory bulb. In turn, the olfactory bulb projects more centrally and contributes inputs for higher cortical processing, which results in olfactory perception. 2 Odorants reach the olfactory receptors in 2 ways: they can enter the nostrils during normal inhalation (orthonasal route) or travel from the back of the oral cavity to the olfactory receptors via the nasal pharynx (retronasal route). The perception of food flavor involves a combination of olfactory activation caused by odorous compounds released into the nasopharynx retronasally through chewing, drinking, and deglutition, and the blending of taste (salty, sour, bitter, sweet, umami) and oral somatosensory sensations (texture, heat, cold). 3 Nasal blockage and swelling can prevent odors from entering the retronasal stream, resulting in a shi...

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Office Procedures for Quantitative Assessment of Olfactory Function

Cited by 161 publications

References 110 publications

Headaches among Operation Iraqi Freedom/Operation Enduring Freedom veterans with mild traumatic brain injury associated with exposures to explosions

Headaches among Operation Iraqi Freedom/Operation Enduring Freedom veterans with mild traumatic brain injury associated with exposures to explosions

Olfactory impairment in older adults is associated with poorer diet quality over 5 years

Olfactory assessment using the NIH Toolbox

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