Offline Breath Analysis: Standardization of Breath Sampling and Analysis Using Mass Spectrometry and Innovative Algorithms

Martínez, Rosa Alba Sola; Lozano‐Terol, Gema; Gallego‐Jara, Julia; Díaz, Manuel Cánovas; Diego, Teresa De

doi:10.1007/11663_2022_21

Cited by 4 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 123 publications

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“…Online provides fast results and allows the volatilome to be monitored with minimal sample manipulation. Nevertheless, offline analysis (storing the sample for subsequent analysis) is the most widely used, as it enables sampling at different locations ( Sola-Martínez et al, 2022 ). Sampling, transport, and storage are critical in the offline analysis of gas samples, since the samples may suffer from possible losses, adsorption, and artifact formation ( Alonso and Sanchez, 2013 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

GC-MS-based metabolomics of volatile organic compounds in exhaled breath: applications in health and disease. A review

Bajo-Fernández,

Souza-Silva,

Barbas

et al. 2024

Front. Mol. Biosci.

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Exhaled breath analysis, with particular emphasis on volatile organic compounds, represents a growing area of clinical research due to its obvious advantages over other diagnostic tests. Numerous pathologies have been extensively investigated for the identification of specific biomarkers in exhalates through metabolomics. However, the transference of breath tests to clinics remains limited, mainly due to deficiency in methodological standardization. Critical steps include the selection of breath sample types, collection devices, and enrichment techniques. GC-MS is the reference analytical technique for the analysis of volatile organic compounds in exhalates, especially during the biomarker discovery phase in metabolomics. This review comprehensively examines and compares metabolomic studies focusing on cancer, lung diseases, and infectious diseases. In addition to delving into the experimental designs reported, it also provides a critical discussion of the methodological aspects, ranging from the experimental design and sample collection to the identification of potential pathology-specific biomarkers.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

GC-MS-based metabolomics of volatile organic compounds in exhaled breath: applications in health and disease. A review

Bajo-Fernández,

Souza-Silva,

Barbas

et al. 2024

Front. Mol. Biosci.

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“…Sensor array analysis and the e-nose are easy to use, are small-sized devices, and there is a direct acquisition of results and immediate analysis. As a limitation, they can only identify a fingerprint by multivariate analysis, while mass spectrometry can identify unknown VOC metabolites from samples [ 33 , 35 ]. Over time, not just the electronic nose but also the electronic tongue has started to be used in the detection of bladder and prostate cancer with promising results [ 29 , 30 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of Sensor Array Analysis to Detect Ovarian Cancer through Breath, Urine, and Blood: A Case-Control Study

Angioli,

Santonico,

Pennazza

et al. 2024

Diagnostics

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Ovarian cancer (OC) is the eighth most common cancer in women. Since screening programs do not exist, it is often diagnosed in advanced stages. Today, the detection of OC is based on clinical examination, transvaginal ultrasound (US), and serum biomarker (Carbohydrate Antigen 125 (CA 125) and Human Epididymis Protein 4 (HE4)) dosage, with a sensitivity of 88% and 95%, respectively, and a specificity of 84% for US and 76% for biomarkers. These methods are clearly not enough, and OC in its early stages is often missed. Many scientists have recently focused their attention on volatile organic compounds (VOCs). These are gaseous molecules, found in the breath, that could provide interesting information on several diseases, including solid tumors. To detect VOCs, an electronic nose was invented by a group of researchers. A similar device, the e-tongue, was later created to detect specific molecules in liquids. For the first time in the literature, we investigated the potential use of the electronic nose and the electronic tongue to detect ovarian cancer not just from breath but also from urine, blood, and plasma samples.

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“…numerous advantages for the field of breath analysis such as high sensitivity, detection of a wide range of compounds, among others [19,28,40]. In this regard, SESI-MS has traditionally been used for on-line breath analysis [19,31]. However, an off-line device recently developed and tested by Decrue et al [30] has also enabled the application of SESI-HRMS in off-line breath analysis.…”

Section: Sesi-ms Is An Established Technique That Offersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this regard, in off-line breath analysis by GC-MS, where samples have to be preconcentrated, there are several strategies to minimize the effect of humidity, such as the use of thermal desorption tubes which contain sorbent materials that are not very sensitive to the presence of high water (e.g. Tenax TA) [31,54,55]. However, in analytical systems with inherent characteristics for on-line breath analysis without a sample preconcentration step [1], the selection of a high storage temperature is important to reduce problems related to water vapor condensation [32].…”

Section: Sesi-ms Is An Established Technique That Offersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, especially for non-cooperative passive patients, it is a container required to collect the exhaled breath samples that subsequently can be transported to the analytical platform [30]. In this regard, PTR-MS and SIFT-MS techniques have been successfully employed in several studies to analyze exhaled air previously stored in gas sampling bags of different type [5,[31][32][33]. Along the same lines, we have recently presented the first protocol for off-line breath analysis using SESI-HRMS being successfully tested in both adults and neonates [30].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Preservation of exhaled breath samples for analysis by off-line SESI-HRMS: proof-of-concept study

Sola-Martínez,

Zeng,

Awchi

et al. 2023

J. Breath Res.

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Secondary electrospray ionization-high resolution mass spectrometry (SESI-HRMS) is an established technique in the field of breath analysis characterized by its short analysis time, as well as high levels of sensitivity and selectivity. Traditionally, SESI-HRMS has been used for real-time breath analysis, which requires subjects to be at the location of the analytical platform. Therefore, it limits the possibilities for an introduction of this methodology in day-to-day clinical practice. However, recent methodological developments have shown feasibility on the remote sampling of exhaled breath in Nalophan® bags prior to measurement using SESI-HRMS. To further explore the range of applications of this method, we conducted a proof-of-concept study to assess the impact of the storage time of exhaled breath in Nalophan® bags at different temperatures (room temperature and dry ice) on the relative intensities of the compounds. In addition, we performed a detailed study of the storage effect of 27 aldehydes related to oxidative stress. After 2 h of storage, the mean of intensity of all m/z signals relative to the samples analyzed without prior storage remained above 80% at both room temperature and dry ice. For the 27 aldehydes, the mean relative intensity losses were lower than 20% at 24 h of storage, remaining practically stable since the first hour of storage following sample collection. Furthermore, the mean relative intensity of most aldehydes in samples stored at room temperature was higher than those stored in dry ice, which could be related to water vapor condensation issues. These findings indicate that the exhaled breath samples could be preserved for hours with a low percentage of mean relative intensity loss, thereby allowing more flexibility in the logistics of off-line SESI-HRMS studies.

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Offline Breath Analysis: Standardization of Breath Sampling and Analysis Using Mass Spectrometry and Innovative Algorithms

Cited by 4 publications

References 123 publications

GC-MS-based metabolomics of volatile organic compounds in exhaled breath: applications in health and disease. A review

GC-MS-based metabolomics of volatile organic compounds in exhaled breath: applications in health and disease. A review

Use of Sensor Array Analysis to Detect Ovarian Cancer through Breath, Urine, and Blood: A Case-Control Study

Preservation of exhaled breath samples for analysis by off-line SESI-HRMS: proof-of-concept study

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