“…Gender was claimed to cause a significant difference in the perception of paternalistic leadership in some studies (Cerit et al, 2011;Delice, 2020;Dursun, 2019;Kara et al, 2020;Karşu Cesur, 2015;Kılıç, 2019;Mert & Özgenel, 2020;Özgenel & Dursun, 2020;Saylık, 2017), while it was claimed not to cause a significant difference in some other studies (Ağalday, 2017;Arslan, 2016;Aydınoğlu, 2020;Bilici, 2017;Burgazlıoğlu, 2022;Dağlı & Ağalday, 2018;Hatipoğlu et al, 2019;İncegöz & Uslu, 2022;Koç, 2019;Korkmaz, 2018;Nal, 2018;Özgenel & Canuylası, 2021;Sarı, 2021). However, while it was revealed in only one research that the paternalistic leadership perception of female participants was higher than that of male participants (Kara et al, 2020), other studies asserted that the paternalistic leadership perception of male participants was higher than that of female participants in general (Cerit et al, 2011;Delice, 2020;Dursun, 2019;Karşu Cesur, 2015;Kılınç, 2019;Mert & Özgenel, 2020;Özgenel & Dursun, 2020;Saylık, 2017). In almost all of the research carried out with samples from Türkiye, gender does not have a significant effect on the perception of paternalistic leadership, and men have higher perceptions of paternalistic leadership than that of women, and these might be related to Türkiye's male-dominated social dynamics and cultural values with collectivist characteristics.…”