Oidiodendron maius: Saprobe in Sphagnum Peat, Mutualist in Ericaceous Roots?

Rice, Adrianne V.; Currah, Randolph S.

doi:10.1007/3-540-33526-9_13

Cited by 42 publications

(42 citation statements)

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“…Like other biotrophic fungi interacting with plants, ERM fungi are in fact equipped with a large suite of candidate effector molecules (Casarrubia et al, 2017), but also with a rich repertoire of degradative enzymes that supports endophytic associations or, as with O. maius, a life as saprotrophs in substrates rich in organic matter (Rice & Currah, 2006). Intriguingly, the evolutionary strategy of ERM fungi is not unique, as these fungi share several ecological and genomic similarities with orchid mycorrhizal fungi (Fig.…”

Section: Specialised Vs Unspecialised Mycorrhizal Fungi?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Ericoid mycorrhizal fungi and their genomes: another side to the mycorrhizal symbiosis?

2018

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Contents Summary1141I.Introduction1141II.The ericoid mycorrhizal lifestyle1141III.Lessons from the mycorrhizal fungal genomes1142IV.ERM fungi: a discordant voice in the mycorrhizal choir1143V.An endophytic niche for ERM fungi1144VI.Specialised vs unspecialised mycorrhizal fungi?1145VII.Conclusions and perspectives1145Acknowledgements1146References1146 Summary The genome of an organism bears the signature of its lifestyle, and organisms with similar life strategies are expected to share common genomic traits. Indeed, ectomycorrhizal and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi share some genomic traits, such as the expansion of gene families encoding taxon‐specific small secreted proteins, which are candidate effectors in the symbiosis, and a very small repertoire of plant cell wall‐degrading enzymes. A large gene family coding for candidate effectors was also revealed in ascomycetous ericoid mycorrhizal (ERM) fungi, but these fungal genomes are characterised by a very high number of genes encoding degradative enzymes, mainly acting on plant cell wall components. We suggest that the genomic signature of ERM fungi mirrors a versatile life strategy, which allows them to occupy several ecological niches.

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Section: Specialised Vs Unspecialised Mycorrhizal Fungi?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Ericoid mycorrhizal fungi and their genomes: another side to the mycorrhizal symbiosis?

2018

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“…The other well‐studied ERM fungus is Oidiodendron maius (Barron), a species belonging to Myxotrichaceae, recently moved to the Leotiomycetes (Wang et al ., ) and found to form ERM with several Ericaceae (Read, ; Allen et al ., ; Bougoure & Cairney, ). Like M. variabilis , O. maius is also commonly isolated from roots of other plants (Bergero et al ., ; Kernaghan & Patriquin, ), as well as from peat, soil and decaying organic matter throughout temperate ecosystems, including peatlands, forests and heathlands (Rice & Currah, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative genomics and transcriptomics depict ericoid mycorrhizal fungi as versatile saprotrophs and plant mutualists

et al. 2018

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Some soil fungi in the Leotiomycetes form ericoid mycorrhizal (ERM) symbioses with Ericaceae. In the harsh habitats in which they occur, ERM plant survival relies on nutrient mobilization from soil organic matter (SOM) by their fungal partners. The characterization of the fungal genetic machinery underpinning both the symbiotic lifestyle and SOM degradation is needed to understand ERM symbiosis functioning and evolution, and its impact on soil carbon (C) turnover. We sequenced the genomes of the ERM fungi Meliniomyces bicolor, M. variabilis, Oidiodendron maius and Rhizoscyphus ericae, and compared their gene repertoires with those of fungi with different lifestyles (ecto- and orchid mycorrhiza, endophytes, saprotrophs, pathogens). We also identified fungal transcripts induced in symbiosis. The ERM fungal gene contents for polysaccharide-degrading enzymes, lipases, proteases and enzymes involved in secondary metabolism are closer to those of saprotrophs and pathogens than to those of ectomycorrhizal symbionts. The fungal genes most highly upregulated in symbiosis are those coding for fungal and plant cell wall-degrading enzymes (CWDEs), lipases, proteases, transporters and mycorrhiza-induced small secreted proteins (MiSSPs). The ERM fungal gene repertoire reveals a capacity for a dual saprotrophic and biotrophic lifestyle. This may reflect an incomplete transition from saprotrophy to the mycorrhizal habit, or a versatile life strategy similar to fungal endophytes.

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“…Similarly, the ERM Oidiodendron maius (Ascomycota) maintains multiple copies of GH6, GH7 and LPMO genes ( Fig. 1 and Supplementary Table 7), thus explaining its saprotrophic ability in Sphagnum peat 17 . Reconciliation analyses suggest that the divergence of Cantharellales and Sebacinales occurred before the diversification of PODs in Agaricomycetes and the origin of white rot (Fig.…”

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“…3), some of which may reflect lineage-specific functional innovations, such as MiSSPs. In contrast, ERM and ORM fungi retained an extensive decay apparatus that is probably exploited indirectly by the plant for carbohydrate supply, thus explaining their known saprotrophic ability 17 . The available genome sequences of mycorrhizal fungi will represent foundational information for understanding symbiosis development and functioning.…”

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Convergent losses of decay mechanisms and rapid turnover of symbiosis genes in mycorrhizal mutualists

Kohler¹,

Kuo²,

Nagy³

et al. 2015

Nat Genet

902

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l e t t e r sTo elucidate the genetic bases of mycorrhizal lifestyle evolution, we sequenced new fungal genomes, including 13 ectomycorrhizal (ECM), orchid (ORM) and ericoid (ERM) species, and five saprotrophs, which we analyzed along with other fungal genomes. Ectomycorrhizal fungi have a reduced complement of genes encoding plant cell walldegrading enzymes (PCWDEs), as compared to their ancestral wood decayers. Nevertheless, they have retained a unique array of PCWDEs, thus suggesting that they possess diverse abilities to decompose lignocellulose. Similar functional categories of nonorthologous genes are induced in symbiosis. Of induced genes, 7-38% are orphan genes, including genes that encode secreted effector-like proteins. Convergent evolution of the mycorrhizal habit in fungi occurred via the repeated evolution of a 'symbiosis toolkit', with reduced numbers of PCWDEs and lineage-specific suites of mycorrhiza-induced genes.Fungi are often described as either saprotrophs, which degrade complex organic substrates, or biotrophs, which obtain carbon compounds from living hosts. Among the latter, ECM fungi provide crucial ecological services in interacting with forest trees. They are portrayed as mutualists trading host photoassimilates for nutrients and having limited capacity to decompose soil lignocellulose 1-3 , as a result of their reduced repertoire of PCWDEs 4-6 . However, recent studies are challenging this view [7][8][9][10] . An improved understanding of the ability of ECM fungi to decompose lignocellulose is needed to resolve mechanisms of nutrient cycling in forests. The ECM lifestyle in Laccaria bicolor is associated with the expression of new mycorrhizainduced small secreted proteins (MiSSPs) that are required for establishment of symbiosis 11,12 . Mycorrhizal symbioses have arisen repeatedly during fungal evolution and include not only ECM associations but also those with ERM and ORM mycorrhizae 13 . It is not known whether these symbioses share the genomic features found in L. bicolor 4 and Tuber melanosporum 5 . Here we assess whether there Convergent losses of decay mechanisms and rapid turnover of symbiosis genes in mycorrhizal mutualists

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Oidiodendron maius: Saprobe in Sphagnum Peat, Mutualist in Ericaceous Roots?

Cited by 42 publications

References 80 publications

Ericoid mycorrhizal fungi and their genomes: another side to the mycorrhizal symbiosis?

Ericoid mycorrhizal fungi and their genomes: another side to the mycorrhizal symbiosis?

Comparative genomics and transcriptomics depict ericoid mycorrhizal fungi as versatile saprotrophs and plant mutualists

Convergent losses of decay mechanisms and rapid turnover of symbiosis genes in mycorrhizal mutualists

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