Oil and Gas Revenues of the Russian Federation: Trends and Prospects

The demand for defense spending in Russia: Economic and strategic determinants

“…(9), (10) and (11). This finding is in line with literature that points to a strong dependence of the federal budget in general and defense spending in particular on energy earnings and offers empirical support to the arguments developed therein (Sabitova and Shavaleyeva, 2015;Oxenstierna, 2016;Christie, 2017;Cooper, 2016). Such earnings are susceptible to the fluctuations of the international energy markets and international energy prices.…”

“…Nevertheless, as for example Oxenstierna (2016) and Cooper (2016) also stress, a continued slow-down in economic performance may eventually affect Russia's economy to finance its military build-up and military capabilities modernization program. Given that energy export earnings have significantly contributed to economic growth performance and have financed public expenditure (Sabitova and Shavaleyeva, 2015), it was decided to include this channel in the estimations that follow. Oil rents, 7 expressed as a percentage of GDP, increased from an average of about 4.8% during 1990-1999 to 11.1% and 9.1% during 2000-2009 and 2010-2015, respectively.…”

“…4 The vibrant growth rates, recorded during this period, were substantially driven by resource extraction and exports, predominantly of hydrocarbons (Voskoboynikov, 2017;Benedictow et al 2013;Tuzova and Qayum, 2016;Cooper, 2013). Oil and natural gas earnings significantly contributed to the Russian economic recovery and growth performance and financed public expenditure including defense spending (Cooper, 2016;Sabitova and Shavaleyeva, 2015;Oxenstierna, 2016;Christie, 2017). This vibrant economic performance seems to have faltered in recent years (Berezinskaya, 2017;Medvedev, 2016;Kudrin and Gurvich, 2015).…”

A Study on the Interfacial Structure Design of Self‐Compliance Ni/HfOx/Ni Bipolar Selectors and Trap‐to‐Trap Tunneling Mechanism Caused by Redox Reaction

“…It occupies little space and is possibly practical for quantity production and stacking. [27] There is no obvious difference between the cross section of the conductive devices and the self-compliance selectors expected for the grain size of HfO x . However, unlike the selector or RRAM reported by other research groups, our devices have distinctive cluster structures instead of dense or smooth-surface structures, indicating that the special microstructure may be vital to the selfcompliance selector.…”

The Energy of Russia

“…Thus, in econometric terms Russia's dependence is a hybrid falling somewhere between these two groups of oil and gas producers. Before the drop in global oil prices that began in 2014, the income from oil and gas exports covered a little more than half of the government budget (Sabitova and Shavaleyeva 2015). Approximately two-thirds of this -one-third of total budget income -comes from oil, because Russia exports 75 per cent of the 550 million tons of the oil that it produces to other countries as crude oil (50 per cent) and refined oil products (25 per cent).…”