“…One further key argument that has recently been given much attention is related to different sources of financial volatility and major events that have affected stock market returns ( Zhu et al, 2019 , Corbet et al, 2020 , Zaremba et al, 2020 , Albulescu, 2020 , Onali, 2020 , Choudhry et al, 2016 , Demirer et al, 2019 , Wang et al, 2018 , Antonakakis and Darby, 2013 ). These sources of financial volatility are market uncertainty due to disasters ( Kowalewski and Śpiewanowski, 2020 , Liu et al, 2019 ; Papadamou et al, 2020 ), economic conditions and political events ( Bash and Alsaifi, 2019 ), institutional issues and social Media news ( Bollerslev et al, 2018 , Reboredo and Ugolini, 2018 ), environmental issues ( Alsaifi et al, 2020 ), information demand and investor attention ( Chronopoulos et al, 2018 , Nikkinen and Peltomäki, 2020 ), and pandemic diseases ( Chen et al, 2009 , Ichev and Marinč, 2018 ).…”