Oil palm waste: An abundant and promising feedstock for microwave pyrolysis conversion into good quality biochar with potential multi-applications

Liew, Rock Keey; Nam, Wai Lun; Chong, Min Yee; Phang, Xue Yee; Su, Man Huan; Yek, Peter Nai Yuh; Ling, Nyuk; Cheng, Chin Kui; Chong, Cheng Tung; Lam, Su Shiung

doi:10.1016/j.psep.2017.10.005

Cited by 266 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…SMS contained high oxygen content (61 wt%), indicating that SMS is a highly oxygenated biomass material. The high oxygen content in SMS indicates the possession of surface hydrophilicity and a polar nature, suggesting that SMS has a strong tendency to chemically react with water as the oxygen‐containing functional group in the SMS could easily form hydrogen bonding with water molecules . However, the high oxygen content in the SMS can be reduced by transforming SMS into biochar through a pyrolysis process.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2 kg of SMS and various amounts of activated carbon (AC) for use as microwave adsorbent were mixed together to give ratios of SMS to microwave adsorbent of 1:1, 1:2 and 1:3. The vacuum pump was used to remove the air from the pyrolysis system for 15 min to ensure an oxygen‐free environment . After that, the pyrolysis of SMS was initiated and conducted for 35 min.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A selective infrared absorption detector was used to detect C, H and S content. A thermal conductivity detector was used to determine the N content of the SMS …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has been reported to show a large surface area between 16 and 290 m 2 g ‐1 depending on the process conditions (e.g. types of biomass, process temperature) during the pyrolysis process . It was also reported that the biochar surface area provides adsorption properties that can be applied in numerous applications, acting as soil amendment for planting, carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ) gas adsorbent, removal of heavy metal in wastewater, industrial effluent treatment, precursor of activated carbon and production of supercapacitor electrodes …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Microwave vacuum pyrolysis conversion of waste mushroom substrate into biochar for use as growth medium in mushroom cultivation

Lam

Lee

Nam

et al. 2019

J of Chemical Tech & Biotech

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BACKGROUND Spent mushroom substrate (SMS), largely produced as an agriculture waste from mushroom cultivation, was transformed into biochar via microwave vacuum pyrolysis under different ratios of SMS to microwave absorbent (1:1, 1:2, and 1:3). The biochar was then examined for its potential to be re‐used in mushroom cultivation as a growth medium added to conventional mushroom baglog (plastic bag with mushroom seeds and culture substrates containing rice straw, sawdust, lime and water), with emphasis on its ability to form mycelium – a fungus that grows into mushroom from its seeds. RESULT The pyrolysis generated up to 36 wt% biochar yield with a large adsorption area (up to 215 m2 g‐1) and less water (4 wt%), indicating that many adsorption sites are available on which mushroom seeds, nutrient and water can be adsorbed onto in order to form mycelium (and subsequently mushroom). The biochar added to grow mushroom in baglog recorded a higher water retention percentage (up to 59%), a higher mycelium colonization length in 8 days (6.3 cm), coverage area (up to 259 cm2) and total mycelium growth volume (317 cm3), and resulted in a higher yield of mushroom (200 g month‐1) than that recorded for the conventional baglog without biochar (160 g month‐1). CONCLUSION The results indicated that biochar produced from SMS using microwave vacuum pyrolysis shows great potential in retaining water and nutrient that in turn promotes the formation of mycelium that leads to increased growth of mushroom in its cultivation. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A selective infrared absorption detector was used to detect C, H and S content. A thermal conductivity detector was used to determine the N content of the SMS …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Microwave vacuum pyrolysis conversion of waste mushroom substrate into biochar for use as growth medium in mushroom cultivation

Lam

Lee

Nam

et al. 2019

J of Chemical Tech & Biotech

Self Cite

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“…The feedstock was rinsed with distilled water, followed by drying in an oven at 110 °C for 2 h. The waste was ground to smaller than 0.075 mm for further analysis and subsequent pyrolysis experiments. Sample with smaller size could transfer heat from the surface to its core at a faster rate …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self‐purging microwave pyrolysis: an innovative approach to convert oil palm shell into carbon‐rich biochar for methylene blue adsorption

Kong¹,

Lam

Yek

et al. 2019

J of Chemical Tech & Biotech

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102

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BACKGROUND Oil palm shell (OPS) is a biomass widely available from palm oil mills. Self‐purging microwave pyrolysis (SPMP) was performed to produce carbon‐rich biochar from OPS for the adsorption of methylene blue dye. The effect of feedstock amount on the pyrolysis temperature, yield and characteristics of the biochar were investigated. RESULT The amount of feedstock was directly proportional to the final pyrolysis temperature. The pyrolysis reached a maximum final temperature of 760 °C when ≥300 g of OPS was loaded into the reactor without microwave absorbent. A heating rate of up to 105 °C min−1 was recorded, producing a yield of 40 wt% of biochar at a short processing time of 20 min. The biochar obtained at 700 °C showed relatively low volatile matter (24 wt%), higher fixed carbon content (66 wt%), carbon (78.5 wt%), oxygen (17.7 wt%), a highly porous structure with high BET surface area of 410 m2 g−1 and pore volume of 0.16 cm3 g−1, and recorded a methylene blue dye adsorption efficiency of 20 mg g−1. CONCLUSION The SPMP approach showed exceptional promise to produce biochar with low H/C ratio (0.5) and O/C ratio (0.2), which indicated a high degree of carbonization and stability of the biochar to act as a durable agent in wastewater treatment. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry

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Limitations of the First‐ and Second‐Generation Solid‐Gaseous Biofuels in a Time of Climate Emergency

Deviany,

Chaerun

2024

Solid‐Gaseous Biofuels Production

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Oil palm waste: An abundant and promising feedstock for microwave pyrolysis conversion into good quality biochar with potential multi-applications

Cited by 266 publications

References 52 publications

Microwave vacuum pyrolysis conversion of waste mushroom substrate into biochar for use as growth medium in mushroom cultivation

Microwave vacuum pyrolysis conversion of waste mushroom substrate into biochar for use as growth medium in mushroom cultivation

Self‐purging microwave pyrolysis: an innovative approach to convert oil palm shell into carbon‐rich biochar for methylene blue adsorption

Limitations of the First‐ and Second‐Generation Solid‐Gaseous Biofuels in a Time of Climate Emergency

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