Oil produced from Ghana cocoa bean for potential industrial applications

Oil produced from Ghana Shea Nut crop for prospective industrial applications

“…Equilibrium started to occur at 90 min, and depending on the temperature, a steady state was reached at 110–130 min thereafter. The observed pattern of increasing yield as temperature rises is consistent with related studies conducted by [ 13 ]. The oil yield was also dependent on the type of solvent used for the extraction.…”

“…The extraction temperatures were; 45 °C, 50 °C, 55 °C and 60 °C and a time range of 50–130 min at interval of 20 min. The weight (g) to volume (ml) ratio was 1:10 for all extractions as employed by [ 13 ]. For the first extraction, 45 °C was the extraction temperature for 50 min.…”

“…Free fatty acids (FFA) in the Shea kernel oils were identified and reported as percentages using the ISO 660:2009 protocol followed by [ 13 ]. The AOCS technique [ 14 ] was followed in the analysis of the iodine value (IV) in which the various iodine values were presented as Iodine (grams) per 100 g of oil.…”

“…The fatty acid analysis of the Shea kernel oil was examined following the protocol used by [ 13 ], on oil extraction from cocoa beans. The preparation of Fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) was carried out using nonadecanoic acid methyl ester (Sigma Aldrich Chemical Co., Missouri, USA) in accordance with the European Method EN14103:2011 [ 15 ].…”

“…Several methods for Shea kernel oil extraction have been reported in literature including solvent extraction, enzymatic extraction, mechanical method and others. However, solvent extraction method was employed in this study because of its ease of use, high efficiency, high degree of solvent recovery, quick process of extraction, safe operation, easy integration into industrial plants, and ability to control the duration and extraction temperatures to produce oil of high quality while studying the kinetics and thermodynamic processes of the oil extraction [ 13 ].…”