Oil Shale Ash as a Substitutional Green Component in Cement Production

Abstract

The energy crisis is one of the major challenges confronting the cement industry today. Although non-renewable energy sources are becoming scarce, the presence of significant quantities of oil shale indicates its continued use as an energy source in the cement industry. However, significant environmental impacts may occur as a result of the large amount of oil shale ash (OSA). As a result, the researchers are investigating alternative methods for recycling and reusing the OSA in a variety of applications. The purpose of this work was to use OSA as a green substitute component in cement production due to its high calcium oxide (CaO) content, which is the major component of cement clinkers. The chemical composition of OSA and Clinker samples were determined using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). OSA and clinker samples were combined in various ratios and then ground in a ball mill to obtain the desired grain size. The new blended products were prepared and tested at Lafarge factory's laboratories. The results indicated that by adding 10% of OSA to the clinker, the mixed product performed better than the reference sample. Additionally, using this percentage of OSA results in a 45% reduction in the power consumption of the grinding process compared to the reference sample.

Towards eco-friendly cement-based materials: a review on incorporating oil shale ash

“…In this context, it is worth mentioning that the grinding stage of cement production takes place more quickly and with less energy consumption when OSA particles smaller than the clinker are added to the process [45]. It has been reported that the concrete's compressive strength decreases with increasing OSA content since it increases the water demand and increases the w/c ratio of the mixes, corroborating other results in the literature [39,41,42].…”

“…• Adding OSA to concrete reduces its fluidity and increases its saturation point • The strength and frost resistance of concrete reduces as the OSA content in its composition increases Alsafasfeh et al [45] Compressive strength • Adding OSA in cement production increased the sample's compressive strength • When the OSA particle size is smaller than the clinker, the cement grinding process is faster and requires less energy https://doi.org/10.1007/s44290-024-00027-5…”

Modeling and evaluating mill plant production using AggFlow software: Case study in the South of Jordan

“…Jordan has long been known for its rich mineral resources, and the mining industry has played an important role in the country's economy. Phosphate, limestone, copper, and oil shale are the important minerals extracted in Jordan, and they are economically significant [18]- [21]. Due to its abundant phosphate reserves, Jordan has played a crucial role in the worldwide phosphate industry.…”

“…The nation is renowned for its abun-dant reserves of superior-grade limestone, which finds extensive application in several sectors. Limestone is an essential primary material in industries such as construction, cement and lime production [18], [20]. The limestone mined in Jordan is often distinguished by its advantageous chemical composition, rendering it appropriate for many industrial purposes [20].…”

Behavior of Short Fiber Composite Materials in Variation of Thermal and Mechanical Loading

“…Important problem is to use more "Green" concrete using fiber-reinforced concrete with oil shale ash as a cement partial replacement in material [7] [8]. Oil shale ash is a by-product of the mining, processing, and burning of oil shale that is produced during the energy generation process in Estonia [9] [10] [11].…”