Old and New Biomarkers for Infection, Inflammation, and Autoimmunity in Treatment-Resistant Affective and Schizophrenic Spectrum Disorders

Abstract

Affective (AF) and Schizophrenic (SZ) Spectrum disorders manifest with risk factors, involving inflammatory processes linked to infections and autoimmunity. This study searched for novel biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and peripheral blood. A total of 29 AF and 39 SZ patients with treatment-resistant disease were included. In CSF, the chemokine IL-8 was significantly elevated in AF and SZ patients. IL-8 promotes chemotaxis by neutrophils and may originate from different tissues. S100B, a glia-derived brain damage marker, was higher in CSF from AF than SZ patients. Among the plasma-derived biomarkers, ferritin was elevated in AF and SZ. Soluble CD25, indicating Treg dysfunction, was higher in SZ than in AF patients. Interferon-γ, implying virus-specific immune activation, was positive in selective AF patients, only. Both groups showed elevated expression of immunosuppressive CD33 on monocytes, but higher amounts of CD123+ plasmacytoid dendritic cells were restricted to SZ. In conclusion, chemotactic IL-8 indicates neuronal stress and inflammation in the CSF of both groups. Novel plasma-derived biomarkers such as sCD25 and monocytic CD33 distinguish SZ from AF with an autoimmune phenotype.

Schizophrenia Synaptic Pathology and Antipsychotic Treatment in the Framework of Oxidative and Mitochondrial Dysfunction: Translational Highlights for the Clinics and Treatment

“…Second, whereas the evidence of a possible increased inflammatory index in schizophrenia patients and changes after antipsychotics have been reported [ 329 ], there is a lack of information on the in vivo effects of antipsychotics on the inflammasome associated specifically with oxidative stress and free radicals’ production [ 330 , 331 ]. Therefore, more studies investigating peripheral biomarkers of oxidative stress before and after antipsychotic treatment should be implemented.…”

Показатели Контрольных Точек Иммунного Ответа В Крови У Пациентов С Первым Эпизодом Параноидной Шизофрении До Назначения Терапии (Предварительные Результаты)

“…Обнаружено, что содержание данного показателя в крови увеличивается при аутоиммунных заболеваниях [36]. В одном из недавних исследований у пациентов с шизофренией также установлен повышенный уровень sCD-25, что предполагает аутоиммунный характер воспаления при данном заболевании [37].…”

Cytokine Imbalance as a Biomarker of Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia

“…[ 86 ]. Studies have found abnormalities in the cytokine system in patients with TRS [ 87 , 88 ]. There is evidence that the levels of IL-2 and IL-6 were elevated in patients with TRS, which is probably associated with the activation of the inflammatory response system (IRS).…”