Old origin for an active mountain range: Geology and geochronology of the eastern Hindu Kush, Pakistan

Hildebrand, Peter H.; Noble, Steve; Searle, Michael P.; Waters, David J.; Parrish, Randall R.

doi:10.1130/0016-7606(2001)113<0625:oofaam>2.0.co;2

Cited by 84 publications

(113 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…Farther north lie the Hindukush and Karakorum Ranges, which document active-margin evolution since the Early Jurassic [27]. The syntaxis is characterized by a series of actively-growing crustal-scale antiforms, which are oriented transverse to the Indus Suture on the Himalayan side (Nanga Parbat-Haramosh Massif cut by the Indus River), but sub-parallel to it on the Karakorum side (Askole-Dassu-Mangol Bluk domes cut by the Braldu River and its Basha tributary [5,6]).…”

Section: Geology Of the Western Himalaya Syntaxismentioning

confidence: 99%

Petrology of Indus River sands: a key to interpret erosion history of the Western Himalayan Syntaxis

Garzanti

Vezzoli

Andó

et al. 2005

Earth and Planetary Science Letters

141

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The Indus River has been progressively transformed in the last decades into a tightly-regulated system of dams and channels, to produce food and energy for the rapidly growing population of Pakistan.Nevertheless, Indus River sands as far as the delta largely retain their distinct feldspar-and amphibole-rich composition, which is unique with respect to all other major rivers draining the Alpine-Himalayan belt except for the Brahmaputra. Both the Indus and Brahmaputra Rivers flow for half of their course along the India-Asia suture zone, and receive major contributions from both Asian active-margin batholiths and upper-amphibolite-facies domes rapidly exhumed at the Western and Eastern Himalayan syntaxes. Detailed information on bulk petrography and heavy minerals of modern Indus sands not only represents an effective independent method to constrain denudation rates obtained from temperature-time histories of exposed bedrock, but also provides an actualistic reference for collision-orogen provenance, andgives us a key to interpreting provenance and paleodrainage changes recorded by clastic wedges deposited in the Himalayan foreland basin and Arabian Sea during the Cenozoic.3

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Section: Geology Of the Western Himalaya Syntaxismentioning

confidence: 99%

Petrology of Indus River sands: a key to interpret erosion history of the Western Himalayan Syntaxis

Garzanti

Vezzoli

Andó

et al. 2005

Earth and Planetary Science Letters

141

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“…Fossilifer-86 S. Heuberger et al Pudsey, 1986;Pudsey et al, 1985a;Gaetani et al, 1996;Hildebrand et al, 2001;Zanchi et al, 2000 and own field work. r a m -K o hi st a n S u tu re Z o n e ous (rudists, orbitolinoids) reef-limestone sequences occur within green basaltic to andesitic volcanites (Pudsey et al, 1985b).…”

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confidence: 98%

Age and isotopic constraints on magmatism along the Karakoram-Kohistan Suture Zone, NW Pakistan: evidence for subduction and continued convergence after India-Asia collision

et al. 2007

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Detailed geological mapping in the Drosh-Shishi area in southern Chitral (NW Pakistan) was combined with high-precision U-Pb dating on zircons to constrain the timing of magmatism and associated deformation/metamorphic events related to the Kohistan-Karakoram convergence and collision. Our new ages indicate that the Mesozoic to Tertiary magmatic history of this region is influenced by long-lived melt generation above an active subduction zone. Dated intrusive rocks range in age from 130 to 39 million years, indicating that subduction-related magmatism continued after the Kohistan-Karakoram and the India-Asia collisions. Initial hafnium isotope ratios were measured on the dated zircons to constrain the type of melt source of the dated plutons. The data reveal the different nature of partly coeval magmatism in these units, i.e. continental arc magmatism in the Karakoram (ca. 130-104 Ma) and arc magmatism on the Kohistan side (112-39 Ma). Intrusions within the suture zone can be clearly traced to be Karakoram-derived on the basis of initial Hf isotopic compositions. Granite dykes crosscutting the Kohistan units have sampled an underlying, old continental basement of Gondwana affinity. The geochronological evidence presented in this paper is consistent with Cretaceous subduction beneath the Karakoram Terrane. The related calc-alkaline magmatism seems to have stopped at about 100 Ma. Granite dykes on the Kohistan side show that the magmatic and tectonic history of the KarakoramKohistan Suture Zone continued to the Eocene. This long tectono-metamorphic and magmatic activity in the arc plates was likely due to complex and few million year long interplays between subduction and thrusting events in the forearc, within-arc and back-arc regions between two active subduction zones.

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“…Models for the growth of the Tibetan Plateau range from early, pre-India-Asia collision thickening and uplift in the Lhasa and southern Qiangtang blocks and Karakoram terrane (England & Searle 1986;Murphy et al 1997;Hildebrand et al 2001;Kapp et al 2005;Searle et al 2010a) through gradual uplift following the India-Asia collision (50-0 Ma) to sudden uplift at c. 7-8 Ma . The India-Asia collision itself must have been a continuing process since the Late Cretaceous-Early Palaeocene obduction of ophiolites onto the Indian passive continental margin and initial contact between Indian and Asian crust, through to final withdrawal of the Tethyan Ocean with ending of marine sedimentation in the Indus-Yarlung Tsangpo suture zone.…”

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Crustal–lithospheric structure and continental extrusion of Tibet

Searle

Elliott

Phillips

et al. 2011

JGS

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Crustal shortening and thickening to c. 70-85 km in the Tibetan Plateau occurred both before and mainly after the c. 50 Ma India-Asia collision. Potassic-ultrapotassic shoshonitic and adakitic lavas erupted across the Qiangtang (c. 50-29 Ma) and Lhasa blocks (c. 30-10 Ma) indicate a hot mantle, thick crust and eclogitic root during that period. The progressive northward underthrusting of cold, Indian mantle lithosphere since collision shut off the source in the Lhasa block at c. 10 Ma. Late Miocene-Pleistocene shoshonitic volcanic rocks in northern Tibet require hot mantle. We review the major tectonic processes proposed for Tibet including 'rigid-block', continuum and crustal flow as well as the geological history of the major strikeslip faults. We examine controversies concerning the cumulative geological offsets and the discrepancies between geological, Quaternary and geodetic slip rates. Low present-day slip rates measured from global positioning system and InSAR along the Karakoram and Altyn Tagh Faults in addition to slow long-term geological rates can only account for limited eastward extrusion of Tibet since Mid-Miocene time. We conclude that despite being prominent geomorphological features sometimes with wide mylonite zones, the faults cut earlier formed metamorphic and igneous rocks and show limited offsets. Concentrated strain at the surface is dissipated deeper into wide ductile shear zones.

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Old origin for an active mountain range: Geology and geochronology of the eastern Hindu Kush, Pakistan

Cited by 84 publications

References 45 publications

Petrology of Indus River sands: a key to interpret erosion history of the Western Himalayan Syntaxis

Petrology of Indus River sands: a key to interpret erosion history of the Western Himalayan Syntaxis

Age and isotopic constraints on magmatism along the Karakoram-Kohistan Suture Zone, NW Pakistan: evidence for subduction and continued convergence after India-Asia collision

Crustal–lithospheric structure and continental extrusion of Tibet

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