“…Earliest examples of osseous tools include bone digging implements from Southern Africa, an innovation attributed to Australopithecus robustus living in this region some 2.0-1.5 Myr ago as well as bone fragments bearing evidence of intentional flaking, battering and abrasion from Olduvai Beds I and II, East Africa, likely used by early members of our genus, Homo, in hide-working, butchery, digging, knapping, and hunting activities between ~1.8-1.0 Myr d'Errico, 2001, 2004;d'Errico and Backwell, 2009;Stammers et al, 2018; Archaeologists usually make a distinction between two main bone tool categories: formal tools, i.e., faunal remains formally shaped into specific tool type with manufacturing techniques specific to osseous materials, such as grinding, gouging, scraping, notching, incising, etc., and expedient tools, i.e., bone fragments bearing little or no modifications that were used as such (Klein, 2009;Kuhn, 2020). It is probable that activities attested since at least 2.6 Myr such as stone knapping, bone fracturing for marrow extraction (Madrigal and Blumenschine, 2000;Blumenschine and Pobiner, 2007), and woodworking (Lemorini et al, 2014(Lemorini et al, , 2019 have allowed early hominins to recognize the technological potential of discarded carcass processing remains and equipped them with a transferable skillset fit for the manufacture and utilization of osseous material. Through trials and errors, Palaeolithic hominins would have been able to observe how bone responded to static and dynamic loadings, and embody this knowledge for immediate or future or use (sensu Ingold, 2002).…”