Older Adults’ Emotion Recognition Ability Is Unaffected by Stereotype Threat

Abstract

Eliciting negative stereotypes about ageing commonly results in worse performance on many physical, memory, and cognitive tasks in adults aged over 65. The current studies explored the potential effect of this “stereotype threat” phenomenon on older adults’ emotion recognition, a cognitive ability that has been demonstrated to decline with age. In Study 1, stereotypes about emotion recognition ability across the lifespan were established. In Study 2, these stereotypes were utilised in a stereotype threat manipulation that framed an emotion recognition task as assessing either cognitive ability (stereotypically believed to worsen with age), social ability (believed to be stable across lifespan), or general abilities (control). Participants then completed an emotion recognition task in which they labelled dynamic expressions of negative and positive emotions. Self-reported threat concerns were also measured. Framing an emotion recognition task as assessing cognitive ability significantly heightened older adults’ (but not younger adults’) reports of stereotype threat concerns. Despite this, older adults’ emotion recognition performance was unaffected. Unlike other cognitive abilities, recognising facially expressed emotions may be unaffected by stereotype threat, possibly because emotion recognition is automatic, making it less susceptible to the cognitive load that stereotype threat produces.

Age-related reduction in trait anxiety: Behavioral and neural evidence of automaticity in negative facial emotion processing

“…At the automatic stage of visual search of emotional stimuli, older but not younger adults were faster to detect emotionally negative, high-arousal targets ( Leclerc and Kensinger, 2008 ). Another study demonstrated that older adults’ performance in recognizing facially expressed emotions were not affected by stereotype (ageism) threat, likely because emotion recognition is automatic and less susceptible to the cognitive load posed by the threats ( Atkinson et al, 2020 ). Notably, a recent study reported positive versus negative categorization of faces of ambiguous valence to be faster in older and slower in young adults, and discussed role of information processing automaticity in manifesting the positivity effect ( Petro et al, 2021 ).…”

Altered orbitofrontal cortex neural variability underlies idiosyncratic experiences during aging

“…Such idiosyncrasy has been pervasively observed in the emotional responses of healthy aging population (Campbell et al, 2015; Visser, 2020) but remains largely unexplored. While existing psychological theories like Socioemotional Selectivty theory (SST), Dynamic Integartion Theory (DIT), Stength and Vulnerability Integartion Theory (SAVI), and the positivity effect (Reed & Carstensen, 2012) have delved into the emotional shifts of the elderly, their explanation remains often confined to specific paradigms, leading to inconsistencies with introduction of complex stimuli (Atkinson et al, 2021; Cortes et al, 2021; Schweizer et al, 2019). Moreover, these theories lack a robust computational architecture, posing a challenge to bridge the gap between knowledge articulated at different levels (neural to behavioral) of analysis.…”