Older and Younger Adults Perform Similarly in an Iterated Trust Game

Telga, Maïka; Lupiáñez, Juan

doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.747187

Cited by 8 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 68 publications

(87 reference statements)

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“…Across the three experiments, the overshadowing effect appeared in all eight conditions: when the partner was cooperative and non-cooperative, in a same-and mixed-gender pair, with ambiguous and non-ambiguous instructions. Although gender did not seem to interact with the overshadowing effect, we did observe a reliance on gender stereotypes at baseline with more cooperation with female than with male partners (Buchan et al, 2008;Telga & Lupiáñez, 2021), suggesting that this paradigm is sensitive to genderrelated biases. Thus, the results of the present study suggest that models of associative learning (e.g., Rescorla & Wagner, 1972), developed in the nonsocial domain and predominantly in research with nonhuman animals, may advance our understanding of human social cognition (Behrens et al, 2008;Heyes, 2012), including the processes underlying cooperation and trust (FeldmanHall & Dunsmoor, 2018).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 59%

Social overshadowing: Revisiting cue-competition in social interactions

et al. 2023

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In a large variety of contexts, it is essential to use the available information to extract patterns and behave accordingly. When it comes to social interactions for instance, the information gathered about interaction partners across multiple encounters (e.g., trustworthiness) is crucial in guiding one’s own behavior (e.g., approach the trustworthy and avoid the untrustworthy), a process akin to trial-by-trial learning. Building on associative learning and social cognition literatures, the present research adopts a domain-general approach to learning and explores whether the principles underlying associative learning also govern learning in social contexts. In particular, we examined whether overshadowing, a well-established cue-competition phenomenon, impacts learning of the cooperative behaviors of unfamiliar interaction partners. Across three experiments using an adaptation of the iterated Trust Game, we consistently observed a ‘social overshadowing’ effect, that is, a better learning about the cooperative tendencies of partners presented alone compared to those presented in a pair. This robust effect was not modulated by gender stereotypes or beliefs about the internal communication dynamics within a pair of partners. Drawing on these results, we argue that examining domain-general learning processes in social contexts is a useful approach to understanding human social cognition.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 59%

Social overshadowing: Revisiting cue-competition in social interactions

et al. 2023

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“…The S-IGT can be adapted in the future to incorporate additional facial stimuli attributes (e.g., race, age, sex, and emotion) to systematically examine their influences on trust learning across different populations. More exploration is needed on the effects of own-age, -sex, and -race biases as well as stereotype reliance on trust learning [62,63,84]. Further, the processing of positive and negative facial emotions can dynamically alter trustworthiness evaluations in others and adds complexity to social decision-making contexts as well as increased cognitive load, which should be considered in future experiments [17,26,85].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age-group Differences in Trust-related Decision-making and Learning

Horta¹,

Shoenfelt²,

Lighthall³

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Facial impressions contribute to evaluations of trustworthiness. Older adults are especially vulnerable to trust violations, incurring risks for deception and exploitation. Using the newly developed Social Iowa Gambling Task (S-IGT), we examined age-group differences in the impact of facial trustworthiness on decision-making. Advantageous decks were represented by trustworthy (congruent condition, CS-IGT) or untrustworthy (incongruent condition, IS-IGT) faces and disadvantageous decks were represented by untrustworthy faces in the CS-IGT and by trustworthy faces in the IS-IGT. Younger (n = 143) and older (n = 129) participants completed either the standard IGT, CS-IGT, or IS-IGT. Both age groups preferred trustworthy faces in their initial choices. Older adults performed worse than younger adults across all tasks over time. Further, compared to younger adults, older adults performed worse on the IS-IGT, suggesting that incongruent facial cues interfered with older adults’ performance, which aligns with reduced sensitivity to negative social reputations in aging. Exploratory multilevel modeling indicated that age-group differences were most pronounced in the last 40 trials across all tasks. Together these findings indicate that differences between younger and older adults in experience-dependent decision-making are magnified in social contexts that involve a “wolf in sheep’s clothing,” which may reflect age-related difficulties in information integration.

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“…However, some studies did not find an interaction between trustee and trustor age. For instance, Telga and Lupianez (2021) used the trust game and found that there was no impact of partner or participant age. They analyzed the cooperation rates (i.e., whether to invest) instead of the exact investment, which might have caused the difference in results.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although much research has focused on the effect of trustor and trustee age in face-based trust judgments, some research has not found an impact of trustor age on behavioral trust measures ( Sutter and Kocher, 2007 ; Rieger and Mata, 2013 ; Telga and Lupianez, 2021 ). Using the electroencephalogram (EEG) technique, researchers can further explore the cognitive mechanisms and temporal dynamics of trustworthiness perceptions in different age groups to determine whether individuals extract and process facial age cues.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies have found that as trustors age, they trust others more (Bailey and Leon, 2019;Greiner and Zednik, 2019), and this impact of age on trust judgments appears in self-reported measures (Li and Fung, 2013;Poulin and Haase, 2015). In terms of economic tasks of trustworthiness, an opposite effect of age (Holm and Nystedt, 2005) or no effect have been found (Sutter and Kocher, 2007;Rieger and Mata, 2013;Telga and Lupianez, 2021). Considering the increased external validity by using face photographs as visual stimuli, it is necessary to further explore whether there is an interaction between trustor and trustee age in behavioral trust measures based on facial appearances.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Effect of Trustor Age and Trustee Age on Trustworthiness Judgments: An Event-Related Potential Study

Chen

Wang

et al. 2022

Front. Aging Neurosci.

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Perceived trustworthiness based on facial appearance plays an important role in interpersonal trust and cooperative behavior. Interpersonal trust behaviors involve both trustors and trustees. However, there is no clear conclusion on how the age of the two individuals affects interpersonal trust behaviors. Therefore, this study used the trust game task to explore the differences in trust behaviors between two different age groups in response to faces of different ages and analyzed whether such differences were apparent in the face processing stage. The behavioral results showed that only younger adults invested more money with older partners than younger ones; that is, younger adults trusted older faces more. The event-related potential (ERP) analyses showed that in the early stage of face processing, younger faces elicited more negative N170 than older faces; at the same time, older faces elicited more positive VPP than younger faces, and younger adults had more positive VPP than older adults. In the middle and late stages of face processing, younger faces elicited more negative FRN than older faces in younger adults but not in older adults. In addition, older faces elicited more positive LPP than younger faces in older adults but not in younger adults. The neural analyses suggested that age-related differences in facial trustworthiness judgments might occur in the later stages of face processing. Combining the behavioral and neural results, we found a dissociation between trustworthiness perceptions and trust behaviors in both younger and older adults, which may provide insight into how to prevent older adults from being deceived.

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Older and Younger Adults Perform Similarly in an Iterated Trust Game

Cited by 8 publications

References 68 publications

Social overshadowing: Revisiting cue-competition in social interactions

Social overshadowing: Revisiting cue-competition in social interactions

Age-group Differences in Trust-related Decision-making and Learning

The Effect of Trustor Age and Trustee Age on Trustworthiness Judgments: An Event-Related Potential Study

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