“…Exposure to elevated levels of the saturated FA palmitate induces apoptosis in a range of cells including 3T3 fibroblasts (Kamili et al, 2015), peripheral blood mononuclear cells (RostamiRad et al, 2018), human cardiac progenitor cells (Leonardini et al, 2017), pancreatic b cells (Boslem et al, 2011;Luo et al, 2017), macrophages (Kim et al, 2017), and hepatocytes (Penke et al, 2017). Palmitate also impairs MDA-MB-231 cell proliferation and activates apoptosis (Baumann et al, 2016;Hardy et al, 2000Hardy et al, , 2003Kourtidis et al, 2009;Wu et al, 2017) via a number of mechanisms, including ER stress (Baumann et al, 2016;Boslem et al, 2011), impaired autophagy (RostamiRad et al, 2018Wu et al, 2017), altered NAD metabolism (Penke et al, 2017), and ceramide synthesis (Luo et al, 2017).…”