Olfactory disturbances in Parkinson’s disease

Rodrigues, Laís S.; Fagotti, Juliane; Targa, Adriano; Noseda, Ana Carolina D.; Ilkiw, Jessica L.; Dorieux, Flávia W.C.; Lima, Marcelo M.S.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-815950-7.00034-5

Cited by 4 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…Some examples are diabetes mellitus [18,19], rhinitis, sinusitis [20,21], anxiety [22,23], major depression [24][25][26][27], schizophrenia [28], autism [29], liver disease [30,31], arterial hypertension [32], and neurodegenerative diseases [33,34], such as frontotemporal dementia [35][36][37] and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis [38]. More recently, a plethora of scientific evidence indicates that deterioration of smell is a biological marker in the preclinical phase of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease [39][40][41][42] or Alzheimer's disease [43][44][45].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spanish Validation for Olfactory Function Testing Using the Sniffin’ Sticks Olfactory Test: Threshold, Discrimination, and Identification

2020

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The assessment of olfactory function is becoming increasingly relevant, especially in cases of cognitive decline (i.e., neurodegenerative diseases), where olfactory alterations may be relevant as potential early biomarkers. The Sniffin’ Sticks Olfactory Test, developed in Germany and validated in several countries, is an objective measure of olfactory performance. This study aims to validate this test in a Spanish sample. This study included 209 healthy normosmic volunteers (154 females and 55 males) aged between 20 to 79 years (mean age = 50.11 ± 15.18 years) as the normative sample. From this group, 22 participants were retested in order to obtain test–retest reliability evidence. Odor familiarity for descriptors in the olfactory identification test was also studied on an independent healthy sample (n = 69), and required cultural modifications were applied. Results indicate that men and women, as well as smokers and non-smokers, performed equally in every test. However, significant differences were found between age groups in every score. The general trend is that olfactory function progressively decreases as a function of age, the elderly group (+60 years) being the one with the lowest scores. In conclusion, this normative data, in addition to the test’s cultural modifications, allows the Sniffin’ Sticks Olfactory Test to be administered on a Spanish population.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spanish Validation for Olfactory Function Testing Using the Sniffin’ Sticks Olfactory Test: Threshold, Discrimination, and Identification

2020

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“…115 In addition, the development of olfactory dysfunction in PD may be linked to dementia. 116 In addition, deficits of other neurotransmitter systems such as serotonergic, noradrenergic, and cholinergic projections to the olfactory bulb are potentially associated with olfactory dysfunctions in PD. Moreover, the pronounced olfactory deficits in PD are associated with a higher risk for developing dementia, which strengthens the use of odor tests as possible early diagnostic methods.…”

Section: Non-motor Manifestationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, the pronounced olfactory deficits in PD are associated with a higher risk for developing dementia, which strengthens the use of odor tests as possible early diagnostic methods. 116 As a result, early appreciation and management of olfactory dysfunction may abrogate the development of PD-related dementia.…”

Section: Non-motor Manifestationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An experimental study demonstrated that the GABA agonist muscimol mitigates olfactory dysfunction in mice 115 . In addition, the development of olfactory dysfunction in PD may be linked to dementia 116 . In addition, deficits of other neurotransmitter systems such as serotonergic, noradrenergic, and cholinergic projections to the olfactory bulb are potentially associated with olfactory dysfunctions in PD.…”

Section: Gaba Pathway and Manifestations Of Pdmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sleep disorders cause Parkinson's disease or the reverse is true: Good GABA good night

Al‐kuraishy,

Al‐Gareeb,

Albuhadily

et al. 2024

CNS Neurosci Ther

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BackgroundParkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative brain disease due to degeneration of dopaminergic neurons (DNs) presented with motor and non‐motor symptoms. PD symptoms are developed in response to the disturbance of diverse neurotransmitters including γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA). GABA has a neuroprotective effect against PD neuropathology by protecting DNs in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). It has been shown that the degeneration of GABAergic neurons is linked with the degeneration of DNs and the progression of motor and non‐motor PD symptoms. GABA neurotransmission is a necessary pathway for normal sleep patterns, thus deregulation of GABAergic neurotransmission in PD could be the potential cause of sleep disorders in PD.AimSleep disorders affect GABA neurotransmission leading to memory and cognitive dysfunction in PD. For example, insomnia and short sleep duration are associated with a reduction of brain GABA levels. Moreover, PD‐related disorders including rigidity and nocturia influence sleep patterns leading to fragmented sleep which may also affect PD neuropathology. However, the mechanistic role of GABA in PD neuropathology regarding motor and non‐motor symptoms is not fully elucidated. Therefore, this narrative review aims to clarify the mechanistic role of GABA in PD neuropathology mainly in sleep disorders, and how good GABA improves PD. In addition, this review of published articles tries to elucidate how sleep disorders such as insomnia and REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) affect PD neuropathology and severity. The present review has many limitations including the paucity of prospective studies and most findings are taken from observational and preclinical studies. GABA involvement in the pathogenesis of PD has been recently discussed by recent studies. Therefore, future prospective studies regarding the use of GABA agonists in the management of PD are suggested to observe their distinct effects on motor and non‐motor symptoms.ConclusionThere is a bidirectional relationship between the pathogenesis of PD and sleep disorders which might be due to GABA deregulation.

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“…Olfactory tests are necessary tools for adequate assessment of olfactory function [ 1 ]. The use of olfactory assessment tests has become more relevant in recent years, due to clinical and research findings that indicate the existence of olfactory alterations derived from traumatic injuries as brain injury [ 2 , 3 ], in surgical or medical procedures for the treatment of some diseases such as larynx tumors requiring partial or total laryngectomy [ 4 ], treatment with radiotherapy [ 5 ], or pathologies with alterations of the sense of smell such as arterial hypertension [ 6 ], liver disease [ 7 , 8 ], diabetes mellitus [ 9 , 10 ], rhinitis, sinusitis [ 11 , 12 ], autoimmune diseases [ 13 , 14 ], inflammatory diseases [ 15 ], anxiety [ 16 , 17 ], major depression [ 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 ], schizophrenia [ 22 ], autism [ 23 ], and neurodegenerative diseases [ 24 , 25 ], such as frontotemporal dementia [ 26 , 27 , 28 ], amyotrophic lateral sclerosis [ 29 ], Parkinson’s disease [ 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 ], or Alzheimer’s disease [ 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of the Spanish Version of Sniffin’s Sticks Olfactory Identification Test: Normative Data and Validity of Parallel Measures

2021

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The Sniffin’ Sticks Olfactory Identification Test is a tool for measurement of olfactory performance developed in Germany and validated in several countries. This research aims to develop the Spanish version of the Sniffin’ Sticks Olfactory Identification Test and obtain normative values for the Spanish population. The parameters are free recall and subjective intensity of odorants are included. The influence of possible demographic covariates such as sex, age, smoking, or educational level are analyzed, and the items that best discriminate are studied. In addition, the internal structure validity of the blue and purple versions is studied as a parallel measure, and a cultural adaptation of the purple version is carried out. For this, three independent samples of normosmic healthy volunteers were studied. To obtain normative values, the sample was of 417 participants (18–89 years). For the internal structure validity study of both versions, the sample was 226 (18–70 years), and for familiarity of the purple version, the sample was 75 participants (21–79 years). Results indicated that men and women and smokers and non-smokers perform equally. However, differences were found as age progresses, being more pronounced after 60 years old in all three measurements of the identification test. This research also provides the items that best discriminate in the blue version and a cultural adaptation for the purple version. In conclusion, the Sniffin’ Sticks Odor Identification Test is a suitable tool for olfactory assessment in the Spanish population. The instrument has been expanded with two new scores, and normative data as a function of age are provided. Its parallel version also seems appropriate for testing, as items have been culturally adapted and evidence of internal structure validity for both versions is reported.

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Olfactory disturbances in Parkinson’s disease

Cited by 4 publications

References 48 publications

Spanish Validation for Olfactory Function Testing Using the Sniffin’ Sticks Olfactory Test: Threshold, Discrimination, and Identification

Spanish Validation for Olfactory Function Testing Using the Sniffin’ Sticks Olfactory Test: Threshold, Discrimination, and Identification

Sleep disorders cause Parkinson's disease or the reverse is true: Good GABA good night

Development of the Spanish Version of Sniffin’s Sticks Olfactory Identification Test: Normative Data and Validity of Parallel Measures

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