Olfactory dysfunction and cognition among older adults in the United States

Choi, Janet S.; Hur, Kevin; Shen, Jasper; Wrobel, Bozena

doi:10.1002/alr.22078

Cited by 27 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Our study further supports the previous literature that has developed the association between OD and cognitive dysfunction. 19,36–40 This association continued to be present when controlling for potential demographic and comorbid factors, including concomitant GD, which represents a novel finding. Furthermore, our analyses revealed that cognitive dysfunction was associated with OD, regardless of the severity of dysfunction.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 75%

Association Between Olfactory and Gustatory Dysfunction and Cognition in Older Adults

Churnin

Qazi

Fermin

et al. 2019

Am J Rhinol�Allergy

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Background The association between olfactory dysfunction (OD) and cognitive decline is becoming apparent in the emerging literature. However, the literature demonstrating a similar effect between gustatory dysfunction (GD) and cognition is not well established. Objective To determine whether OD and GD are independently associated with cognitive impairment. Methods The 2013–2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey was queried for 1376 older adults, corresponding to a weighted population sample of 50 816 529, to assess olfactory and gustatory status and cognition using univariate and multivariate regression analyses. OD and GD were determined using objective measurements with validated protocols. Participants were stratified as normal or abnormal cognition status using accepted cutoff values as indicated for the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s Disease (CERAD) neuropsychological test, Animal Fluency Test (AFT), and Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST). Results OD was associated with both mild cognitive impairment (odds ratio [OR] 1.809, P = .004) and dementia (OR 3.173, P < .001) with CERAD testing, abnormal AFT (OR 2.424, P < .001), and abnormal DSST (OR 4.028, P < .001). GD based on 1M NaCl whole mouth taste testing was associated with dementia on CERAD testing (OR 2.217, P = .004). When smell and taste parameters were included together in the regression model, both OD and GD remained significant independent predictors of dementia status based on CERAD testing (OR 3.133, P < .001, OR 1.904, P = .015). Conclusions OD and severe GD represent independent predictors of cognitive impairment in a nationally representative sample of older adults.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 75%

Association Between Olfactory and Gustatory Dysfunction and Cognition in Older Adults

Churnin

Qazi

Fermin

et al. 2019

Am J Rhinol�Allergy

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“…The prevalence of olfactory dysfunction is high, at 24-75% among older adults, and increases substantially with age [1]. It is an important clinical symptom indicative of an early stage of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), dementia with Lewy bodies, and frontotemporal lobar degeneration, with neuropathologic changes in the olfactory epithelium, the olfactory bulb/tract, primary olfactory cortices, their secondary targets, and the olfactory circuitry [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inability to Smell Peppermint Is Related to Cognitive Decline: A Prospective Community-Based Study

et al. 2020

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Background: A few studies have demonstrated the association of poorer olfactory identification (OI) with poorer cognition in population-based cohorts. None of them considered the outcome associated with the inability to smell a certain odor. Objective: To verify the hypothesis that at least one specific odor is associated with incident cognitive decline among older adults. Methods: In the Shanghai Aging Study, a sub-cohort of 948 dementia-free participants who had baseline OI measurements were prospectively followed for 5 years. Results: An inability to smell peppermint (β = -0.44, p < 0.001), rose (β = -0.14, p = 0.040), or coffee (β = -0.37, p = 0.002) was inversely related to the annual rate of change in the Mini Mental State Examination score, and an inability to smell peppermint was associated with a higher risk for incident dementia (hazard ratio 2.67, 95% CI 1.44-4.96) after adjustment for confounders. Conclusion: Our study suggests that some odors, especially peppermint, might be considered as a potential predictor for dementia in older populations. Inability to Smell Peppermint and Cognitive Decline

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“…As would be expected based on their declining olfactory sensory abilities, studies show clear impairment in odor identification among older persons (Hummel et al, 1997;Larsson et al, 2000;Larsson et al, 2004;Hedner et al, 2010;Olofsson et al, 2010;Wong et al, 2010;Makowska et al, 2011;Schubert et al, 2011;Wehling et al, 2011;Wilson et al, 2011;Menon et al, 2013;Kern et al, 2014;Pinto et al, 2014). Prevalence rates for olfactory dysfunction, based on cued odor identification, increase from 11 to 24% in middle-aged individuals to 37 to 70% at the age of 70 years (Murphy et al, 2002;Brämerson et al, 2004; see also Hoffman et al, 2016;Seubert et al, 2017;Choi et al, 2018). Results from longitudinal studies suggest that these findings cannot simply be attributed to cohort effects (Schubert et al, 2011;Wehling et al, 2016a).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…A vast number of studies with older participants have demonstrated impaired olfactory functions (Hummel et al, 1997;Larsson et al, 2000;Stuck et al, 2006;Hedner et al, 2010;Kern et al, 2014;Choi et al, 2018;Schubert et al, 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Olfaction and aging: A review of the current state of research and future directions

Olofsson¹,

Ekström²,

Larsson³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Olfaction, the sense of smell, is characterized by a notable age-dependency such that older individuals are more likely to have poor olfactory abilities. These impairments are considered to be mostly irreversible and as having potentially profound effects on quality of life and food behavior, as well as constituting warning signs of mortality, cognitive dysfunction and dementia. Here, we review the current state of research on aging and olfaction, focusing on five topics which we regard to be of particular relevance for the field: nutrition and health; cognition and dementia, mortality; environment and genetics; training-based enhancement. Under each of these headlines, we provide a state-of-the-art overview and discuss gaps in our knowledge which might be filled by further research. Understanding how olfactory abilities are diminished in old age, and how they may be alleviated or recovered, presents a set of challenging tasks for researchers in the years to come.

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Olfactory dysfunction and cognition among older adults in the United States

Cited by 27 publications

References 38 publications

Association Between Olfactory and Gustatory Dysfunction and Cognition in Older Adults

Association Between Olfactory and Gustatory Dysfunction and Cognition in Older Adults

Inability to Smell Peppermint Is Related to Cognitive Decline: A Prospective Community-Based Study

Olfaction and aging: A review of the current state of research and future directions

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