Olfactory dysfunction following herpetic meningoencephalitis

Landis, Basile Nicolas; Vodička, Jan; Hummel, Thomas

doi:10.1007/s00415-009-5344-7

Cited by 22 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Permanent anosmia has been described in patients who recovered from HSE ( Landis et al 2010 ). Post-HSE anosmia often presents with other neurological sequelae, including epilepsy, amnesia, and cognitive deficits.…”

Section: Possible Mechanisms Of Anosmia In Sars-cov-2 Patientsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anosmia in COVID-19: Mechanisms and Significance

et al. 2020

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Abstract The global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) remains a challenge for prevention due to asymptomatic or paucisymptomatic patients. Anecdotal and preliminary evidence from multiple institutions shows that these patients present with a sudden onset of anosmia without rhinitis. We aim to review the pathophysiology of anosmia related to viral upper respiratory infections and the prognostic implications. Current evidence suggests that SARS-CoV-2-related anosmia may be a new viral syndrome specific to COVID-19 and can be mediated by intranasal inoculation of SARS-CoV-2 into the olfactory neural circuitry. The clinical course of neuroinvasion of SARS-CoV-2 is yet unclear; however, an extended follow-up of these patients to assess for neurological sequelae, including encephalitis, cerebrovascular accidents, and long-term neurodegenerative risk may be indicated.

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Section: Possible Mechanisms Of Anosmia In Sars-cov-2 Patientsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anosmia in COVID-19: Mechanisms and Significance

et al. 2020

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“…Warner et al first suggested olfactory impairments in patients with AD, employing a standardized smell identification test [ 23 ]. However, the lowered ability to distinguish between or recognize different odors is not exclusive for AD, as olfactory dysfunctions have also been detected in Parkinson's disease [ 24 , 25 ], multiple sclerosis [ 26 , 27 ], viral infections [ 28 , 29 ], lesions in the brain [ 30 ], and aging [ 31 ]. Thus, while there is a need for an olfactory test for AD, it should also be specific.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Habituation/Cross-Habituation Test Revisited: Guidance from Sniffing and Video Tracking

2016

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The habituation/cross-habituation test (HaXha) is a spontaneous odor discrimination task that has been used for many decades to evaluate olfactory function in animals. Animals are presented repeatedly with the same odorant after which a new odorant is introduced. The time the animal explores the odor object is measured. An animal is considered to cross-habituate during the novel stimulus trial when the exploration time is higher than the prior trial and indicates the degree of olfactory patency. On the other hand, habituation across the repeated trials involves decreased exploration time and is related to memory patency, especially at long intervals. Classically exploration is timed using a stopwatch when the animal is within 2 cm of the object and aimed toward it. These criteria are intuitive, but it is unclear how they relate to olfactory exploration, that is, sniffing. We used video tracking combined with plethysmography to improve accuracy, avoid observer bias, and propose more robust criteria for exploratory scoring when sniff measures are not available. We also demonstrate that sniff rate combined with proximity is the most direct measure of odorant exploration and provide a robust and sensitive criterion.

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“…Olfactory dysfunction is present in patients who survive herpes encephalitis [113]. In the early studies of Mann et al [114], HSV1 antigens were detected in the olfactory tract.…”

Section: Olfactory Dysfunction In Admentioning

confidence: 99%

The olfactory system in Alzheimer’s disease: Pathology, pathophysiology and pathway for therapy

Kovács

2013

Translational Neuroscience

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Olfaction is frequently mentioned as a "neglected sense", although the olfactory system has several interesting and unique anatomical and physiological features. Olfactory involvement is present in several degenerative disorders, especially in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The peripheral and central parts of the olfactory system are damaged even in the early stages of AD, manifesting in profound olfactory deficits. Besides the early pathology, the olfactory system may be involved in the pathogenesis of AD by providing a route of entry for pathological agents still unknown. In contrast to this olfactory vector hypothesis, the olfactory system can be used to deliver therapeutic agents in AD, such as nerve growth factor and insulin, by decreasing the side-effects of the therapy or providing a non-invasive method of delivery.

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Olfactory dysfunction following herpetic meningoencephalitis

Cited by 22 publications

References 28 publications

Anosmia in COVID-19: Mechanisms and Significance

Anosmia in COVID-19: Mechanisms and Significance

The Habituation/Cross-Habituation Test Revisited: Guidance from Sniffing and Video Tracking

The olfactory system in Alzheimer’s disease: Pathology, pathophysiology and pathway for therapy

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